unit 2.3: the biology of controlling fertility Flashcards
(47 cards)
in men what is the level is FSH and ICSH in the blood
constant
what does the constant level of FSH and ICSH mean
a steady quantity of testosterone
as a result of constant steady levels of hormones in men, what type of fertility do they show
continuous
what type of fertility do women show
cyclical
when is the period of fertility restricted to in women
1 - 2 days following ovulation
what are the 2 indicators of a woman’s fertile period
temperature
mucus
how many days after ovulation does a temperature change occur
approx. 1
how much is temperature change by in women
rises by around 0.5°C
what happens after the temperature change
it remains this higher level for the remainder of the luteal phase
how can mucus be used to identify the fertile period
becomes thing and watery
what does a thin, watery mucus allow
easy access of sperm into the reproductive tract
what are the 4 types of treatment of infertility
stimulating ovulation
artificial insemination
intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
in vitro fertilisation (IVF)
what is the process of stimulating ovulation
stimulated by drugs that prevent negative feedback of oestrogen on FSH
can also be stimulated by drugs that mimic the action of FSH and LH
what is the result of stimulating ovulation
several ova are released at once, known as “super ovulation” and can lead to multiple births
what can stimulating ovulation be used for
collected eggs for IVF programmes
what is the process of artificial insemination
several samples of semen are collected and each is preserved by freezing until needed, they are defrosted and released together into the partners cervical region during the fertile period
why may artificial insemination be used
if a male has a low sperm count
what will be used in artificial insemination if a partner is sterile
donor semen with a normal sperm count
what is the process of intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection
drawing a healthy sperm into a needle and injecting it directly into an egg to achieve fertilisation
why might ICSI be used
when a males sperm count is low or many of the mature sperm are defective
what is the process of IVF
woman is given hormone treatment to stimulate multiple ovulations
eggs are surgically removed using equipment like a syringe
eggs are mixed with sperm in a culture dish containing nutrients to allow fertilisation to occur naturally or using ICSI
fertilised eggs are incubated for 2-3 days to form embryos of 8 cells or more
2 or 3 embryos are inserted into the uterus for implantation
remaining embryos are frozen in case a second attempt is needed
what is PGD
pre-implantation genetic diagnosis
what can PGD indentify
genetic disorder
chromosomal abnormalities
when can PGD be used
before embryos are inserted into the uterus in IVF programmes
