unit 2.8: blood glucose and obesity

Question 1

what is the normal concentration of glucose in blood plasma

Answer 1

5 millimoles per litre

Question 2

what value of glucose concentration can a person with untreated diabetes have

Answer 2

30 millimoles per litre

Question 3

what risks do people who have a higher glucose concentration face

Answer 3

damage to blood vessels due to atherosclerosis
peripheral vascular disease
CVD
stroke

Question 4

what is microvascular disease

Answer 4

when a small blood vessel (arteriole) takes in too much glucose it can become weaker and may burst or bleed into surrounding tissue

Question 5

what happens if blood leaks into tissue from microvascular disease

Answer 5

tissue may be affected by leaked blood or by not receiving enough oxygen

Question 6

what can microvascular disease lead to

Answer 6

damage to the retina affecting vision
damage to kidneys causing renal failure
affect nerve in the extremities

Question 7

what is the regulation of glucose an example of

Answer 7

negative feedback

Question 8

what is the storage variant of glucose

Answer 8

glycogen

Question 9

roughly how much glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen

Answer 9

100g

Question 10

what detects a rise in glucose concentration

Answer 10

pancreatic receptor cells

Question 11

what happens when the pancreatic receptor cells detect an increase in glucose concentration

Answer 11

they produce insulin

Question 12

what does insulin do to affect glucose concentration

Answer 12

it travels to the liver, where the liver then converts glucose to glycogen

Question 13

what does the conversion of glucose to glycogen result in

Answer 13

a decreased glucose concentration in the blood

Question 14

what happens when glucose concentrations drops

Answer 14

receptor cells detect the change and glucagon is released

Question 15

what is the role of glucagon

Answer 15

it travels to the liver, resulting in the liver converting glycogen to glucose

Question 16

what is the result of the conversion of glycogen to glucose

Answer 16

increased glucose concentration

Question 17

what other hormone (neurotransmitter) can convert glycogen to glucose

Answer 17

adrenaline

Question 18

what does adrenaline do in glucose concentration

Answer 18

promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose in fight or flight reactions

Question 19

what brings the glucose concentration down after the fight or flight reaction

Answer 19

insulin

Question 20

what can be a chronic complication of diabetes

Answer 20

vascular disease

Question 21

what are the common characteristics of type 1 diabetes

Answer 21

usually occurs in childhood
unable to produce insulin
patient receives a dose of insulin regularly

Question 22

what are the common characteristics of type 2 diabetes

Answer 22

develops later in life
risk increases with obesity
insulin still produced, cells less sensitive to it

Question 23

why is glucose concentration high in type 1 diabetics

Answer 23

the pancreas does not release insulin, so glucose is not converted to glycogen and glucose concentration remains high

Question 24

what is the treatment for type 1 diabetics

Answer 24

regular insulin doses

Question 25

why is glucose concentration high in type 2 diabetics

Answer 25

receptor cells are less sensitive to insulin, less receptor cells in the liver so it takes longer to convert glucose to glycogen (insulin is still produced)

Question 26

what is an indicator of diabetes

Answer 26

glucose in the urine

Question 27

what is used to diagnose diabetes

Answer 27

glucose tolerance test

Question 28

what is the process of a glucose tolerance test

Answer 28

person fasts glucose levels monitored given a glucose solution (known mass or glucose load) glucose levels monitored for a period of time (2 hours) glucose tolerance curve produced

Question 29

what will you see in a ‘normal’ person during a glucose tolerance test

Answer 29

levels rise to a maximum and fall to a normal concentration well within the time period

Question 30

what will you see in a diabetics glucose tolerance test

Answer 30

levels rise higher level than non-diabetics and take longer to return to start concentration

Question 31

what is obesity

Answer 31

accumulation of excess body fat in relation to lean body tissue

Question 32

what is obesity a major risk factor of

Answer 32

type 2 diabetes CVD

Question 33

what is BMI

Answer 33

body mass index

Question 34

what is a downside to BMI

Answer 34

wrongly classify muscular individuals and athletes as overweight or obese

Question 35

why might individuals be wrongly classified with BMI

Answer 35

does not take into account additional weight from muscle or bone mass

Question 36

what is the BMI calculation

Answer 36

BMI = body mass / height^2 = kg / m^2

Question 37

what BMI indicates obesity

Answer 37

>30

Question 38

what are common causes of obesity

Answer 38

excessive consumption of food high in saturated fat lack of physical activity

Question 39

what are free sugars

Answer 39

sugars that require no metabolic energy to be expended in digestion

Question 40

why should fats be limited in diet

Answer 40

high calorific value per gram

Question 41

what benefits can increased exercise in an individual bring about

Answer 41

reduced risk of CVD increased level of HDL (improved HDL lipid profiles) decrease in hypertension and stress increased energy expenditure and preserves lean tissue