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Higher Human Biology > unit 2.6: the structure and function of the heart > Flashcards

unit 2.6: the structure and function of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

how many chambers are there of the heart

A

4
2 atria
2 ventricles

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2
Q

what side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood

A

right

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3
Q

what is the flow of blood from deoxygenated to oxygenated

A

vena cava > right atrium > right ventricle > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > left atrium > left ventricle > aorta

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4
Q

which side of the heart is thicker and more muscular

A

left (oxygenated side)

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5
Q

why is the left more muscular

A

needs to pump blood all around the body

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6
Q

what is the name of the valve between the atrium and the ventricle

A

atria-ventricular (AV) valve

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7
Q

what does the AV valve do

A

prevents backflow of blood

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8
Q

what is the name of the valve between the ventricle and the blood vessels (aorta/pulmonary artery)

A

semi lunar (SL) valves

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9
Q

when do SL valves open

A

during ventricular contraction

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10
Q

when do the SL valves close

A

when arterial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure

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11
Q

what is the cardiac output calculation

A

CO = HR x SV
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

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12
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the volume of blood expelled by each ventricle on contraction

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13
Q

what pulse rate does a fit person tend to have

A

a low pulse rate

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14
Q

what stroke volume does a fit person tend to have

A

high

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15
Q

what is another word from contraction of the heart

A

systole

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16
Q

what is another word for relaxation of the heart

A

diastole

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17
Q

what is the cardiac cycle pathway

A

atrial and ventricular diastole > atrial systole > ventricular systole > repeat

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18
Q

what happens during atrial systole

A

2 atria contract simultaneously and sends remainder of blood into the ventricles through the AV valves, ventricles are still in diastole

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19
Q

how long after atrial systole does ventricular systole take place

A

around 0.1 second later

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20
Q

what happens during ventricular systole

A

contraction of the ventricles and the closure of the AV valves, pressure exerted on the blood causes SL valves to be pushed open into the pulmonary artery and aorta

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21
Q

what happens during atrial and ventricular diastole

A

arterial pressure exceeds ventricular and SL valves close, the next cycle begins

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22
Q

how can you hear the sounds of the heart

A

a stethoscope

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23
Q

what sound does the AV valve make when closing

A

‘lubb’

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24
Q

what sound does the SL valve make when closing

A

‘dupp’

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25
what is the pacemaker of the heart
sino-atrial node (SAN)
26
where is the SAN located
the wall of the right atrium
27
what does the SAN do
sets the rate at which the heart contracts
28
what is the region of the pacemaker composed of
autorhythmic cells that exhibit spontaneous excitation
29
what is the timing of cardiac muscle contraction controlled by
impulses from the SAN spreading through the atria causing atrial systole
30
what cause atrial systole
a wave of excitation originating from the SAN spreading through muscle cells
31
where does the impulse from the SAN travel after atrial systole
atrio-ventricular node (AVN)
32
where is the AVN located
near the base of the atria at the centre of the heart
33
what happens when the impulse reaches the AVN
it travels into a bundle of conducting fibres in the centre of the heart, then up the ventricle walls causing ventricular systole
34
what part of the brain regulates heart rate
medulla
35
how is the heart rate regulated
through antagonistic action
36
what sends nerve impulses to the pacemaker causing a speed up in heart rate
the cardiac accelerator
37
what sends impulses to the pacemaker causing a decrease in heart rate
the cardiac inhibitor
38
what system causes an increase in heart rate
the sympathetic nerves
39
what causes a decrease in heart rate
the parasympathetic nerves
40
what are the 2 hormones that act on the heart bringing a change in heart rate
acetylcholine noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
41
what hormone speeds up the heart rate
noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
42
what hormone decreases heart rate
acetylcholine
43
what gland release the hormone noradrenaline
adrenal glands
44
what can be used to measure electrical activity in the heart
electrocardiogram (ECG)
45
what are the waves of the ECG
PQRST
46
what does the P wave represent
atrial systole
47
what does the QRS wave represent
ventricular systole
48
what does the T wave represent
electrical recovery of ventricles (diastole)
49
what should always be calculated to interpret an ECG
heart rate
50
why should heart rate be calculated to interpret an ECG
to link heart rate to waves of atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole
51
what is used to measure blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
52
what is the average blood pressure
120/80mmHg
53
where is the highest blood pressure found
aorta
54
where is the lowest blood pressure found
vena cava
55
what does the 120 stand for in blood pressure
the pressure in the aorta during systole (systolic pressure)
56
what does the 80 stand for in blood pressure
the pressure in the aorta during diastole (diastolic pressure)
57
what is step 1 of sphygmomanometer use
cuff is inflated until the pressure it exerts stops the flood flowing through artery in arm (use a stethoscope to listen)
58
what is step 2 of sphygmomanometer use
cuff allowed to gradually deflate until pressure in artery exceeded pressure in cuff, blood can then be heart spurting through, this measure systolic pressure
59
what is step 3 of sphygmomanometer use
more air is released from cuff until spurting blood and pulse cannot be heard which measures diastolic pressure
60
what is the name for high blood pressure
hypertension
61
what are the values seen for hypertension
>140/>90mmHg
62
what is hypertension a major risk factor for
coronary heart disease stroke
63
what types of people is hypertension usually found in
unhealthy lifestyles: overweight lack of exercise fatty diet too much salt excessive alcohol consumption continuous stress

Higher Human Biology (25 decks)

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