Unit 2.8: Intelligence and Achievement

Question 1

Intelligence

Answer 1

The ability to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, solve problems, and apply knowledge in various contexts.

Question 2

General Intelligence (g)

Answer 2

The theory that intelligence is a single overall ability that influences performance in all cognitive areas.

Question 3

Multiple Intelligences

Answer 3

The theory that intelligence is made up of different, distinct abilities (e.g., emotional, creative, practical skills).

Question 4

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 4

The ability to solve novel and abstract problems quickly and think logically without relying on prior knowledge; tends to decline with age.

Question 5

Crystallized Intelligence

Answer 5

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills gained through experience and education; tends to increase with age.

Question 6

Fixed Mindset

Answer 6

The belief that intelligence is innate and unchangeable.

Question 7

Growth Mindset

Answer 7

The belief that intelligence can develop through effort, learning, and persistence.

Question 8

IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

Answer 8

Originally a score derived from dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100; now reflects standardized performance among same-age peers.

Question 9

Mental Age

Answer 9

A measure of intellectual development based on age norms; used in early IQ calculations.

Question 10

Psychometrics

Answer 10

A field of psychology concerned with measuring mental traits, abilities, and processes.

Question 11

Standardization

Answer 11

Ensuring a test is administered and scored uniformly across all individuals.

Question 12

Reliability

Answer 12

The consistency of a test’s results over time or across parts of the test.

Question 13

Test-Retest Reliability

Answer 13

Consistency of a test’s scores when taken by the same person at different times.

Question 14

Split-Half Reliability

Answer 14

Internal consistency measured by comparing results from two halves of the same test.

Question 15

Validity

Answer 15

The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

Question 16

Content Validity

Answer 16

The extent to which a test samples the behavior or knowledge it’s intended to measure.

Question 17

Construct Validity

Answer 17

The degree to which a test accurately measures a theoretical concept or trait.

Question 18

Criterion Validity

Answer 18

How well a test correlates with an external standard or outcome.

Question 19

Predictive Validity

Answer 19

The extent to which a test predicts future performance; requires large datasets.

Question 20

Flynn Effect

Answer 20

The observed rise in average IQ scores over generations due to improved education, healthcare, nutrition, and environments.

Question 21

Stereotype Threat

Answer 21

The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one’s group, which can impair performance.

Question 22

Stereotype Lift

Answer 22

Improved performance resulting from positive stereotypes associated with one’s group.

Question 23

Achievement Test

Answer 23

A test that measures what a person already knows (e.g., AP Psychology exam).

Question 24

Aptitude Test

Answer 24

A test designed to predict future performance or ability to learn new skills (e.g., SAT or ACT).

Question 25

Cultural Bias (in testing)

Answer 25

When a test favors certain social or cultural groups over others, potentially leading to unfair results.

Question 26

Socio-cultural Responsiveness

Answer 26

Efforts to design assessments that minimize cultural bias and accurately reflect individuals from diverse backgrounds.