Unit 3 Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
What are Psychoactive drugs?
A
Chemicals that change the brain’s chemistry and create an altered state of consciousness.
2
Q
What are psychoactive drugs made up of?
A
They are made up of super small molecules that penetrate the blood-brain barrier (barrier that protects brain from harmful chemicals).
3
Q
What do the small drug molecules in psychoactive drugs do?
A
They either block neurotransmitters at receptor sites (antagonist) or mimic neurotransmitters (agonist)
4
Q
What causes a brain imbalance?
A
The drugs disrupt the brain’s production of neurotransmitters which cause the brain to produce less of a certain neurotransmitter = imbalance.
5
Q
Why is drug tolerance?
A
When people use drugs, they start to develop a tolerance where more drugs are needed to create the same effect as the earlier use.
6
Q
What is drug withdrawal?
A
Withdrawal symptoms happen when the drug’s effect wears off. Symptoms may be mild like headaches or serious like heart attacks. People crave drugs during the withdrawal stage.
7
Q
What do stimulants do?
A
Stimulants speed up the processes by impacting the central nervous system which increases alertness and energy (“high”)
8
Q
What is the most powerful stimulant?
A
cocaine
9
Q
What happens when to take cocaine?
A
You will feel an incredible rush (high) for 15-20 minutes before crashing down, craving for more.
10
Q
What does meth do?
A
Meth makes an experience a feeling of high and a feeling of invincibility.
11
Q
What does chronic meth abuse cause?
A
Meth psychosis (loss of touch with reality, “tweaking”)
12
Q
What are the effects of meth psychosis?
A
Resemble the effects of Alzheimer’s - memory loss, dementia (extreme confusion),
Can be uncontrollably violent with rapid mood swings, meth mouth
13
Q
What is meth mouth?
A
A symptom of long-term meth use where a person’s teeth begins to rot and fall out
14
Q
What are common problems associated with long term use of powerful stimulants?
A
Anxiety and heart problems.
15
Q
What do depressants do?
A
Slows down your body
16
Q
Difference between depressant and stimulants
A
Stimulants speed up body, depressants slow you down
17
Q
What do depressants result in?
A
Temporary high but with tolerance and withdrawals
18
Q
What are common depressants?
A
barbiturates , heroin, morphine, opium, alcohol
19
Q
What does alcohol do to you?
A
Alcohol slows down reaction time and impairs judgment.
20
Q
What does long term alcohol use do?
A
Liver failure and brain damage.
21
Q
What are women who are binge drinkers likely to develop?
A
Heart problems and breast cancer
22
Q
Are opiates antagonist or agonist?
A
Agonist (mimic endorphin neurotransmitters)
23
Q
What are opiates often referred to and what does it do?
A
Often called narcotics, its elevates a person’s mood and relieve pain. They are incredibly addictive and quickly create a tolerance
24
Q
What do hallucinogens do?
A
Sometimes referred to as psychedelics, they change a person’s perception/reality (create hallucinations)
25
What are common hallucinogens?
LSD and psychedelic mushrooms
26
What happens when you take hallucinogens?
They remain in the body for weeks which makes drugs more intense if ingested during that period (reverse tolerance - takes less to achieve a high).
27
Do hallucinogens create dependence?
Hallucinogens do not create dependence but user develops a tolerance quickly.
28
Why is Marijuana difficult to classify?
It distorts sense of reality and heightens imagination (like hallucinogen) but also relaxes and slows down reaction time (like depressants). It can also create a sense of elation (high) (like stimulant) but doesn’t have powerful withdrawals like meth or cocaine.
29
What are the most commonly use mind-altering drug
1 is alcohol, 2 is Marijuana
30
What is an active ingredient in Marijuana?
THC
31
How many chromosomes do we have?
46 chromosomes is 23 pairs
32
What genetic material makes up our chromosome?
DNA
33
What can the genes that determine our traits be?
Either recessive or dominant (only dominant genes are expressed)
34
What are some genes that can be expressed?
Intelligence, temperament, characteristic of personality (introversion/extroversion, degree of emotional responsiveness)
35
What pair of chromosomes determines gender?
The 23rd pair, boy have X and Y, girls have X and X. Father determines the sex of a child (either contributing X or Y to mother’s X)
36
What is epigenetics?
A subfield within behavior genetics that studies how environment causes certain recessive genes to “turn on” and become expressed genes
37
What are chromosomal abnormalities?
Chromosomal abnormalities are the result of egg fertilization with the wrong number of chromosomes.
38
What is the most common type of chromosomal disorder?
Down syndrome
39
What is Down's syndrome?
When a person is born with an extra chromosome in the 21st pair. Characteristics include mental retardation, a rounded face, shorter fingers and toes
40
What is Turner’s Syndrome?
Instead of having an XX chromosome, girls with this syndrome have one single X. Characteristics include being shorter, having webbed necks, and a lack of sexual maturity.
41
What is Klinefelter’s Syndrome?
Instead of having a XY chromosome, boys with this syndrome have XXY. Characteristics include not being able to mature sexually (sterile, no children) and will usually be passive.
42
What is Huntington’s disease?
A genetic disorder that involves a breakdown of the nervous system. Symptoms appear in middle age and include forgetfulness, loss of ability to talk, personality changes, loss of muscle control, blindness
43
What is the difference between fraternal and identical twins?
Fraternal (dizygotic) are two separate fertilized eggs where as identical (monozygotic) are the same fertilized egg that split into two. Identical twins are genetically identical.
44
What is gender typing?
We are biologically male or female but culture shapes how we view masculinity and femininity. The acquisition of gender identities (how we learn to become “boys” or “girls”) is gender typing
45
What does Albert Bandura’s social learning theory say?
Bandura claimed that we learn roles within society, including gender, by observation and modeling. That would mean that boys and girls only differ physiologically. (culture determines gender)
46
What does a person’s genome tell?
A genome (instructions for making an organism) can be use to determine which traits they may share with people or animal.
47
Does our environment or our genes have a greater impact on our development?
Process of maturation says genes determine our path.
| Behaviorists believe that the environment impacts our development
48
Is our development gradual or do we develop through set stages?
Piaget, Kohlberg, Erikson supports discontinuity (development through distinct stages)
49
Do our personality traits endure throughout our lifetime or do they change?
Freud thought that the personality developed in the first five years of life would endure throughout the person’s life/ Change theories say that our personalities change based on the environment.
50
When does prenatal physical development begin and end?
Begins with fertilization (called conception) and ends when the baby is born
51
What is a zygote?
When the baby is only a few cells
52
What happens between three and eight weeks during the prenatal physical development stage?
The baby becomes an embryo. During Embryonic stage, the baby develops organs (heart begins to beat)
53
What happens at about eight weeks of the prenatal physical development stage?
The baby becomes a fetus
54
What are some reflexes a baby has when they are born?
Rooting reflex (touch on cheek and it will try to put it in their mouth), Sucking reflex (suck on whatever is put in their mouth), grasping reflex (grab whatever is put in their hand), Moro reflex (throw and retract limbs when they are startled), Babinski reflex (spread toes when feet is stroked)
55
What is a baby's dominant sense?
Hearing because babies are almost legally blind
56
What is a baby’s preference?
To look at faces
57
What are the steps of movement for babies?
Babies can move their arms and legs and lift their head when they are born. At 5-6 months, they can sit up. At 8 months, they crawl. After a year, they take their first steps.
58
When are babies able to make long term memories?
At about 3 and a half years old. Can’t remember = infantile amnesia
59
What is habituation?
The “desensitization”. When you get used to a new environment, sights, sound, smell. Like when you smell something weird but overtime you get used to it and it is gone.
60
What is one key milestone of childhood?
development of theory of mind
61
What is the theory of mind?
The ability to understand that other people have their own emotions, desires, and thoughts. This is key for a child to develop empathy and concern
62
What is the set progression of maturation?
Crawl, stand, walk
63
What is a gross motor skill and fine motor skill?
Gross motor - bigger movements like clapping; Fine motor - smaller movements like writing
64
What has the greatest impact on a child’s motor skills?
The myelination of brain neurons, not parenting styles
65
When do most children start speaking sense?
First word before first birthday, form sentence after two.
66
When a baby is in the womb, what does the mother’s placenta act as?
A barrier to poisons (teratogens)
67
When do most birth defect develop?
During embryonic stage
68
What is FAS?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - defects caused by women who drink during pregnancy. Can cause mental retardation, physical abnormalities.
69
What is the critical period?
A specific time where an organism has to experience stimuli in order to progress through normal stages of development. Teratogens such as alcohol is dangerous because it disrupts development during critical period.
70
What is cognition?
Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
71
Who is Jean Piaget and what did he do?
Jean Piaget is a Swiss psychologist whose theory helped establish development psychology.
72
What did Piaget theorize?
Piaget theorized that children develop schemas (set of concepts and rules to help make sense of the world) and then assimilated new information into existing schemas. If info doesn't fit, the child altered that schema (accommodation).
73
What is an example of Piaget’s schema, assimilation, and accommodation idea?
A child might assimilate (new info into existing schema) 4 legs in the same schema as a dog. When the child realizes that four legged doesn’t always mean dog, the child adjusts the schema as accommodation
74
What are Piaget’s four stages?
Sensorimotor, Pre operational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
75
What happens during the Sensorimotor stage?
Sensorimotor stage is birth-2 years old. This is when the first schema is developed. The first major challenge is to overcome an inability to understand object permanence. Object permanence is developed in this stage
76
What is object permanence?
Object Permanence is when objects are still real even when you can see them
77
What happens during the Preoperational stage?
Preoperational stage is ages 2-7. This is the beginning of language development. Children at this stage are egocentric and overcome it in this stage.
78
What is egocentrism?
Perceiving only from their own perspective. A child might think that they have siblings but their siblings do not have siblings.
79
What are common aspects of egocentrism?
Animistic thought - thought that nature is alive and can be controlled, Artificialisim - belief that man created nature.
80
What happens during the Concrete Operational Stage?
The concrete Operational stage is ages 8-12. Children this stage learn to think more logically and can determine complex relationships. They begin to master the concept of conservation.
81
What is the concept of conservation?
The realization that properties of objects remain the same even when shapes change. Like a pint of water is still a pint even if you put it in a different jar.
82
How did Piaget test whether a child was in the Concrete Operational Stage or the Preoperational Stage?
He tested concepts of conservation
83
What happens during the Formal Operational Stage?
The Formal Operational stage is ages 12 - adulthood. Adult reasoning develops in this stage. Aults are able to analyze how we think which is called metacognition.
84
What is metacognition?
Understanding one’s thought process. An example would be evaluating how a person answered a problem.
85
Who is Lev Vygotsky and what did he develop?
Lev Vygotsht was a Russian psychologist who developed a theory of cognitive development.
86
What did Vygotsky’s theory emphasize?
Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction with the environment in cognitive development. He thinks children develop through internalization.
87
What is internalization?
Children absorb information from the social environment.
88
Explain Vygotsky’s theory
Zones of Proximal Development (ZPD) - children would rise through scaffoldings (a series of zones as they develop cognitive skills). Bottom level would be something a child could easily do and higher level would be something the child could do with adult help. Once they complete the task with help, they would progress to the next ZPD.
89
How did Piaget’s theory differ from Vygotsky?
Vygotsky thinks cognitive development varies between cultures but Piaget thinks its universal
90
Who is G Stanley Hall?
Psychologist who pioneered the practice of applied psychology in education. First to receive a Psychology PhD in the US and was APA’s first president.
91
What did critics say about Piaget?
They said he underestimated kids' cognitive abilities. He relied too much on language and favoured those who were more skilled. Development is more fluid than described by Piaget.
92
What did Konrad Lorenz do?
Conducted experiments that showed imprinting. Goslings would bond with the first moving object they encountered after hatching.
93
What did Lorenz’s study show?
Demonstrated attachment could be innate and is survival instinct.
94
What did Harry Harlow do?
Baby rhesus monkeys return to soft cloth “monkeys” when scared rather than the mesh wired “monkeys”. They chose a soft monkey with comfort rather than a mesh monkey with food. They would also explore more with soft monkeys around.
95
What did Harlow’s study help demonstrate?
It showed the importance of attachment and that comfort and safety are more important than food when deepening an attachment.
96
What is self awareness and social referencing?
Self awareness involves understanding ourselves through introspection and acknowledging that others are separate from us. Social referencing is observing others to learn and gain info.
97
What did Mary Ainsworth do?
She conducted the strange situation study. Mothers and a stranger where playing with babies in an unfamiliar room and they took turns leaving
98
What are the four types of babies in the Strange Study Situation?
If the baby was mildly upset when mom left but became comfortable, explored room, and was happy to see return = secure attachment. If baby ignored mom when present and did not go to her when she return = insecure (avoidant). If infant upset and can’t be comforted and never comfortable with stranger = insecure (anxious) attachment.
99
What did Ainsworth’s study show?
Showed that the type of attachment a child displayed help determine how socially adjusted they became later in life. Insecure attachment = behavioral / social problems as teen
100
Who is Erik Erikson?
Neo-Freudian, Sigmund Freud’s student. Focused on social development of people and believe that we develop through the span our our lifetime. He believed people outside fam influenced social development
101
What did Erikson develop to help describe how people develop across lifespans?
Developed eight psychosocial stages
102
Stage 1 (Birth to 1) TRUST VS MISTRUST
Newborns must learn to trust others. If mistrust develops through lack of care, child might have trouble trusting others throughout life.
103
Stage 2 (2-3) AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT
Self control of their bodies and independence leads to autonomy but those who are ridiculed develop shame and self doubt.
104
Stage 3 (3-5) INITIATIVE VS GUILT
Children learn to make plans, ask questions, make choices. If they are not allowed to develop initiative, they will develop guilt
105
Stage 4 (6-12) INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY)
Children need to be encouraged and positively reinforced (need to develop health self concept) or else they will develop an inferiority complex.
106
Stage 5 (12-20) IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION
Adolescent need to build a strong sense of identity or they will develop role of confusion and be uncertain of who they are and may have identity crisis
107
Stage 6 (21-40) INTIMACY VS ISOLATION
People who develop intimacy will develop close and caring relationships with other or else they will feel alone and isolated
108
Stage 7 (40-65) GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION
Adults need to express care and concern for the next gen by guiding them. Those who fail to develop generativity become stagnant and self focused.
109
Stage 8 (65 to death) INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR
Those who look back and are satisfied develop integrity. Those who look back with regret develop despair.
110
When does Adolescence begin and end?
Begins with puberty, ends with social dependence. It is a time when brain changes quickly, learning is easier, and moral reasoning comes into focus. However, addictions can take root and risky/dangerous behavior can seem alluring
111
What are Diana Baumrind's four parenting styles?
Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, Uninvolved
112
What is an Authoritarian parent?
Parents that set up strict rules and punish children if they do not follow them. They don’t explain why rules are in place and expect strict obedience without question. They struggle to make authentic relationship with their kids
113
What is an authoritative parent?
Parents that are less strict but still establish limits. They explain why they have rules and make exceptions accordingly. These parents tend to have the most authentic relationship and receive most respect
114
What is a permissive parent?
Parents that don’t set firm guidelines and give their kids lots of freedom. Their unwillingness to set boundaries often result in a failure to gain respect
115
What is an uninvolved parent?
Parents that communicate very little with their children. These people are mostly detach from their children’s lives
116
What is the difference between Freud & Erikson’s psychoanalytic theories and Piaget & Kohlberg theory?
Freud and Erikson are based on their own ideas and personal inference/case studies while Piaget and Kohlbuerg based their ideas on empirical research.
117
What is Piaget and Vygotsky’s focus and what was Erikson’s?
Piaget and Vygotsky focused on cognitive development while Erikson focused on social development.
118
What did Kohlberg study?
Moral development
119
What is the Heinz dilemma?
One of the dilemmas Kohlberg asked kids. Mr.Heinz has to decide whether or not he should steal a drug to save his wife. Is it wrong to steal?
120
What are the three stages of morality according to Kohlberg?
Preconventional, conventional, postconventional
121
What is the preconventional stage?
A person makes moral decisions in order to avoid punishment or to gain a reward. Common among elementary kids
122
What is the conventional stage?
A person makes moral decisions according to social norms. They understand right and wrong from parents and peers and follow these standards to be accepted. They think rules are rules and should always be followed. Common among middle school kids
123
What is the post conventional stage?
People who believe moral choices are based on moral reasoning. The set standards and rules of society are questioned and not blindly followed.
124
Who is Carol Gilligan and what did she criticize?
She was the main critic of Kohlberg’s theory. She said Kohlberg placed higher value on boys’ responses than girls and she theorized that boys have a more absolute view or right and wrong while girls consider the situation.
125
When does physical decline start?
In our mid twenties. We start with 100 billion neurons but then it starts to decrease.
126
What happens as we get older?
The deterioration of the synapses at the end of axons. Neural communication becomes slower but effects aren’t felt until 60. After 65, brain regions important to memory (like association area) deteriorate = dementia, alzheimer’s because myelin sheath of neurons weaken.
127
What slows down the aging process?
Exercise
128
What happens to our eyes as we get older?
Around 40, we start to lose ability to focus. Farsightedness is most common. By 65, ⅓ of as much light is perceived by the retinas.
129
Why is there a spike in deaths after special events?
The spirit to survive plays a role in how long you live.
130
What are cross sectional studies?
Cross sectional studies collect data at one time from people at various ages. For example, intelligence test on same day to 20-75 year olds and comparing results. Save time but prone to confounding variables
131
What are longitudinal studies?
They record data from the same people over a long period of time and compare results as they move through stages of life. Reduced confounding variables. Disadvantage is that is takes a long time and people can drop out (affect results)
132
How to help with cognitive abilities when people age?
A person can remain mentally sharp until the last stage of life. Physical exercise and mental challenges help keep neural connections strong and can offset dementia and memory loss. Exercise increases neurogenesis in the hippocampus of older adults.
133
What is terminal decline?
Memory loss is inevitable. In the last 3-4 years, cognitive ability decreases dramatically. (terminal decline)
134
When does a midlife crisis usually happen?
Between 37 and 50. Hits men harder than women.
135
How do old people react with challenges and struggles?
They are generally calmer and more relaxed and slightly more satisfied with their lives as their younger counterparts. Brain scans show that the amygdala responds less to negative events.
136
What are Kubler-Ross's stages of grief?
Denial, Anger, Bargaining (try to work out a deal with God), Depression (become said at inevitability), Acceptance (accepts mortality)
