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AP Psychology > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who created the first tests of mental ability?

A

Francis Galton

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2
Q

What did Francis Galton first discover?

A

Francis Galton discovered that intelligence scores of a wide array of people form a normal curve (bell curve)

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3
Q

What is eugenics and who is the father of eugenics?

A

Francis Galton was the father eugenics which is the idea that human race can be improved by only breeding smart people.

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4
Q

Who invented the first practical intelligence test and why?

A

Alfred Binet invented the first practical intelligence test to help students in French schools.

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5
Q

What was Alfred afraid of?

A

He was afraid that people would be prejudice against those with lower scores

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6
Q

What did Alfred’s intelligence test compute?

A

Alfred’s intelligence test computed child’s “mental age” in order to correlate a student’s ability with specific age level.

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7
Q

Who built on Binet’s work and what test did he make?

A

Lewis Terman built on Binet’s work and created the Stanford-Binet intelligence test that computes a person’s intelligence quotient by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100 (no longer used)/

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8
Q

What is construct validity?

A

General validity-test measures what it is intended to measure-if test intended to measure effectiveness of study technique actually measured the effectiveness, then it has construct validity.

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9
Q

What is content validity?

A

When the contents of test actually reflects what the test was meant to measure-if AP Physics had questions about computer science, then it wouldn’t have content validity.

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10
Q

What are the two types of criterion-related validity?

A

Concurrent and predictive

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11
Q

What is concurrent validity?

A

Comparing a new test with an old, valid one. If scores are similar = new test has concurrent validity

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12
Q

What is predictive validity?

A

Predicts future performance. Like SAT has high predictive validity because it predicts academic success in college

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13
Q

What is standardization?

A

Using results to create an average or norm

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14
Q

Why is test standardization important?

A

It allows a person to take a psychometric test and compare their results to the established norms.

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15
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

If you retook same intelligence test and get a consistent score, then there is a high test-retest reliability

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16
Q

What is equivalent-form reliability?

A

The degree to which the different forms of a test are reliable (provide a similar score).

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17
Q

What is split half reliability?

A

Randomly dividing a test into two halves and scoring independently. The stronger the correlation between the scores, the higher the split-half reliability.

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18
Q

What can intelligence tests be classified as?

A

Power and Speed test

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19
Q

What are power tests?

A

Power tests focus on specific areas (like math) and are extremely difficult and are unlikely to get all right

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20
Q

What are speed tests?

A

Speed tests has easier questions but the time is short, making it harder to finish on time.

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21
Q

What are the two most common intelligence test?

A

Aptitude and achievement tests.

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22
Q

What are achievement tests?

A

Achievement tests are designed to test level of achievement in a particular subject (AP Exam).

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23
Q

What are aptitude tests?

A

They are meant to measure a person’s capacity to learn or their potential success in the future.

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24
Q

What is important to note when considering intelligence test?

A

A person’s experience can have a dramatic impact on their aptitude test scores (trained for high level math = score higher on SAT)

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25
Who developed the WAIS?
David Wechsler
26
What is the WAIS?
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-has verbal scale and spatial reasoning, has standardized mean of 100 and 68% fall within one standard deviation of the mean.
27
What is heritability coefficient?
The coefficient from 0 to 1 that refers to the measure of how much of a trait is explained by genetic factors.
28
Is intelligence more influenced by nature or nurture?
Intelligence is more influenced by genetics than environment
29
What is the Flynn effect?
Intelligence scores have been gradually increasing - might be from better nutrition, more educational opportunities, and greater political stability
30
Is mental retardation nature or nurture?
If mental retardation is a result of Downs Syndrome, then it is genetic and hereditary (nature but if common intellectual disability is a result from environmental conditions such as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), then it is nurture (75%)
31
What is fluid intelligence?
Fluid intelligence is the ability to quickly analyze information and solve problems. It peaks at late twenties and gradually decreases until 75 where it rapidly decreases.
32
What is crystallized intelligence?
Crystallized intelligence is accumulated knowledge from facts and events. It increases as we get older but doesn’t decrease
33
Why are intelligence tests accused of being biased?
Particular races tend to do better on the tests and socioeconomic status is correlated with high scores. There are also differences between men and women
34
What are the five common motivation theories?
Instinct/evolutionary theory, drive reduction/homeostasis theory, arousal theory, incentive theory, abraham maslow’s hierarchy of needs
35
What is the instinct/evolutionary theory?
Human behavior happens through naturally selected instincts. Like how birds fly south for winter or salmon swimming upstream to lay eggs. However, it is highly debated if human behaviors are true instincts.
36
What is the drive reduction/homeostasis theory?
Drive arises in order to meet biological needs. Your body desires homeostasis and when it becomes imbalance, a drive arises which motivates you. PRIMARY DRIVES are innately satisfying like food and water while SECONDARY DRIVES are learned like money motivation
37
What is the arousal theory?
Motivations that seem to go against our biological needs like skydiving. The YERKES DODSON LAW states that people perform most activities at a level of moderate arousal and we perform harder tasks with low level of arousal and easy tasks with higher level. Like first learning a car = low arousal, after few years = high arousal (such as turning on music)
38
What is the incentive theory?
Behavior that is pulled by desire rather than pushed by a need.You desire good college so you work hard for good grades. (Secondary drive)
39
What is Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
It predicts which needs we will seek to meet first: physiological needs, safety and security, social needs, esteem, self actualization, transcendence
40
What happens to our body when we don’t eat for a while?
Our stomach contracts and brain detects low levels of glucose in blood stream. As hunger increases, pancreases secretes insulin which further decreases glucose. Increased insulin and decreased glucose = strengthen desire to eat
41
What happens to our body when we eat?
The brain detects food and stimulates the endocrine system through the hypothalamus to secrete hormones that lessen feelings of hunger.
42
What happens when the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is stimulated and what happens when it is damaged?
When it is stimulated, it causes animals to eat. When it is damaged, animals will not feel hunger and die of starvation/
43
What happens when the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is stimulated and what happens when it is damaged?
When it is stimulated, it turns off the urge to eat. When it is damaged, animals are unable to control its urge to eat and become obese
44
What are the two transmitters associated with hunger?
Norepinephrine and GABA
45
What do Norepinephrine and GABA do?
They stimulate hunger by increasing desire for energy-rich carbohydrates
46
What does serotonin do?
Decreases desire for carbohydrates
47
What does hormone leptin do?
It is produced by fat cells and is released into the bloodstream and it impacts receptor cells in the brain to inhibit eating. Weight loss drugs contain leptin to lessen desire to eat
48
What is the set-point theory?
If we drop below our ideal body weight, the hypothalamus will encourage us to eat and will also lower metabolic rate (rate that body burns calories). When we reach set point, hypothalamus tells body to stop eating and raises the metabolic state → you need less food to maintain state
49
`How does environment influence eating?
Culture impacts food choices.
50
How is hunger influenced by physical or psychological needs?
Social facilitation and unit bias
51
What is social facilitation
We eat more when we are bored or if we are happy and with a group of friends
52
What is unit bias?
We eat more if we are given a larger portion.
53
What are the two types of people associated with hunger cues?
externals and internals
54
Who are externals?
People who are influenced by how attractive and how available food is
55
Who are internals?
People who resist urge to eat just because food is available or because it looks good.
56
What is sexual motivation influenced by?
The hypothalamus-it directs pituitary gland to secret hormones which stimulates glands across the body to promote physical changes associated with puberty
57
`Why is a person’s sex drive increased at puberty?
Increase of male hormone testosterone or female hormone estrogen
58
What did Bill Masters and Virginia Johnson do?
They conducted a series of studies on human sexuality and sexual dysfunction to analyze sexual response cyc les.
59
How did Masters and Johnson describe the sexual response cycle?
Arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
60
Why was Masters and Johnson’s study not statistically significant?
They studied prostitutes who were not representative of normal population
61
What did Masters and Johnson claim about straights and gay?
They claimed a 71% rate of conversion. At the time, being gay was a mental disorder
62
What is achievement motivation?
Tries to explain why some people go above and beyond while others just get things done and move on. High achievement motivation = strong desire to achieve high standard
63
What is affiliation motivation?
The need to be with others. People who faced ostracism (no contact with others) are more stresses and depressed. Those who form close relationships have lower suicide rates and less psychological disorders
64
What are approach-approach conflict?
When there are two good options to choose from like choosing between two job offers
65
What is avoidance-avoidance conflict?
When there are negative and positive consequences like texting a friend before an exam can strengthen friendship but lower test score
66
What is multiple approach-avoidance conflict?
When there are several alternatives that have both positive and negative consequences like choosing between several colleges that have both positive and negative aspects
67
What is intrinsic motivation?
The desire to do an activity for its own sake rather than for an external reward.
68
What is extrinsic motivation?
The motivation to do something for a reward.
69
What is a peculiar finding about intrinsic motivation?
When you are rewarded for something you wanted to do, the motivation decreases. Like if you like to read and you get paid to read, you become less motivated to read. (OVERJUSTIFICATION EFFECT)
70
What are industrial organizational psychologists ( a category f psychologist)?
Psychologists who work in work environments: Personnel, Organizational, Human Factors
71
What is a personnel psychologist?
A psychologist who seeks to match a person’s strength with particular job
72
What is an organizational psychologist?
A psychologist who considers how to create the best work environment and develop management techniques to maximize worker’s motivation, productivity, etc.
73
What is a Human Factors Psychologist?
A psychologist who works to design products that best fit the needs of people to maximize worker productivity and limit worker fatigue.
74
What is approach-avoidance conflict?
When there are negative and positive consequences like texting a friend before an exam can strengthen friendship but lower test score

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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