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AP Psychology > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are emotions?

A

Conscious feelings accompanied by biological activation and expressive behaviour.

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2
Q

How are emotions described?

A

Intensity and valance

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3
Q

What is valance?

A

Valance is either positive or negative. Positive describes emotions associated with happiness. Negative describes sad emotions.

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4
Q

What is arousal in terms of emotion?

A

The greater the arousal, the more intense the emotion.

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5
Q

Where can emotions travel?

A

Along the low road (from thalamus to amygdala) or high road where they are processed by cortex.

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6
Q

Which paths make you experience emotions faster?

A

The low road from thalamus to amygdala. Can create fear

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7
Q

What is the amygdala associated with?

A

The fight or flight response, associated with fear and aggression.

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8
Q

What does the amygdala work with?

A

Works with the Hypothalamus to set emotional states

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9
Q

What does the limbic system help with in terms of emotions.

A

The limbic system (has amygdala and hypothalamus), is connected with frontal lobes which help control and interpret emotional responses.

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10
Q

What are the right and left pre frontal cortex associated with?

A

right prefrontal cortex - negative emotions

left pre frontal - joy

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11
Q

What did Paul Ekman discover?

A

There are at least six universal facial expressions.

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12
Q

What is the James-Lange Theory of emotions?

A

The theory that our awareness of physiological arousal leads to emotion. An external stimulus creates a state of arousal which the creates emotion. (snake in grass = sympathetic nervous system = raises level of arousal) physiological change creates fear.

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13
Q

What is stimulus situation?

A

If your brain and body react a certain way, your body knows which emotions correspond with those situations.

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14
Q

What supports the James-Lange theory?

A

The facial feedback effect - people feel happy when they are forced to smile.

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15
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion?

A

The theory that physiological arousal and conscious awareness happen simultaneously.

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16
Q

What does Cannon believe to cause emotions?

A

When thalamus receive sensory info, it simultaneously sends signals to the cortex for analyzing, the emotional limbic system, and the autonomic nervous system. Stress produced outpouring of epinephrine in bloodstream.

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17
Q

What do critics say about the Cannon-Bard Theory?

A

Critics say it places too much emphasis on the role of the thalamus.

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18
Q

What is the Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory?

A

The theory that was popular during cognitive revolution. It stresses the element of cognitive awareness in emotion (cognitive labeling). We experience arousal and then we cognitively label that arousal.

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19
Q

What was the experiment Schachter and Singer conducted to prove the two-factor theory?

A

Men were injected with epinephrine (adrenaline) and put in a room with either a happy person or an angry person. The people with angry people labeled increased arousal as anger. Those in the happy room labeled it as happiness.

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20
Q

What is the effect that is an example of how the two-factor theory works?

A

The spillover effect explains that a person’s emotions affect the way they perceive events.

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21
Q

What do critics of the Schachter-Singer two factor theory say?

A

They point out how sometimes we feel emotions before we can think about them. A person might be afraid without knowing why so cognitive labeling would not occur in this case.

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22
Q

How do men and women differ in their abilities to communicate nonverbally?

A

Women usually do better at reading people’s emotional cues and their nonverbal sensitivity = high emotional literacy. Women are also more likely to experience emotional events more deeply and are more prone to remember emotional events later. Men are more likely to detect anger in others.

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23
Q

What have chronic hostility and anger been linked with?

A

Heart disease

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24
Q

What is the catharsis hypothesis?

A

States that we feel better when we release anger but releasing anger usually feeds it.

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25
What is the feel good-do good phenomenon.
Happy people tend to view others in a better light and are more likely to help others.
26
What is the diminishing returns phenomenon?
Once a person's basic needs are met, extra wealth matters less and less.
27
What is the adaption-level phenomenon?
Describes our tendency to judge our circumstances to past experiences. We have a neutral level that we use to judge experiences as good or bad. As we adjust to a new level, habituation sets in and we get used to it.
28
Why do we compare our circumstances?
We feel better about ourselves when we hear about or see others who are more messed up than us.
29
What is stress?
Stress is the process where we evaluate and respond to threatening or challenging events.
30
What are stressors?
Stressors are events that create stress in our lives. They can be painful (like loss of our loved ones) or joyful (like getting married).
31
What are psychophysiological?
Illnesses that are stress related (like hypertension or high blood pressure).
32
What is the SRRS?
A rating scale by Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe used to measure stress using life-changing units (LCUs).
33
How does the SRRS work?
Different changes in life are assigned different amounts of LCUs. A person who scored high on SRRS would have a greater risk of dying from a stress-related illness.
34
What have chronic and persistent stress been connected with?
Decreased immunity, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease.
35
What do stress hormones do?
Stress hormones suppress the production of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell used to suppress diseases.
36
What are symptoms of stress?
Consistent inflammation which increases risk of heart disease.
37
What are Type A personalities?
High achievers who are competitive, impatient, are often in a hurry to get things done. They are more likely to experience heart problems, especially if they inhibit anger, hostility, and cynicism.
38
What are Type B personalities?
More relaxed and calm, more laid back approach to life.
39
What is Hans Seyle's General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)?
It describes how our bodies respond to stress. Response pattern to different physical/emotional stressors is very consistent.
40
What are the three stages of Seyle's General Adaptation?
Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion
41
What is the first stage of GAS?
Alarm reaction - sympathetic nervous system kicks in to raise heart rate and blood pressure and activate adrenal glands to secrete epinephrine in preperation to meet challenge
42
What is stage 2 of GAS?
Resistance - body remains in a state of heightened alert and hormones are released to maintain arousal. Resistance to stress is greatest in this stage and if it lasts too long, the body's resources will be depleted.
43
What is stage 3 of GAS?
Exhaustion - the parasympathetic nervous system returns our physiological state to normal. We are the most vulnerable to sickness or disease during this stage because we are weakened by the stress cycle.
44
What does our ability to deal with stress relate to?
Relate to our ability to predict and control stressors. (group that had ability to control given morphine had less stress than those who were administered morphine even though they got same amount).
45
What is the diathesis stress model?
The model that explains how environment and genetics both play a role in a person developing a mental disorder. (ex: predisposed to developed panic attacks but never exposed to stressful environments)
46
What are maladaptive coping strategies?
They are ways for people to medicate themselves and feel better emotionally but they don't effectively deal with the stress.
47
What are some maladaptive coping strategies?
Agressive outbursts (cartharsis hypothesis), eating and drinking excessively, sleeping excessively, smoking, using drugs, or spending money.
48
What are defense mechanisms?
A maladaptive coping strategy where we behave or think in order to better protect or defend ourselves. An example could be denial.
49
What are some positive copping strategies?
taking direct action to resolve issue, lessoning stress through physical exercise, seeking social support through friends or prayers.
50
What is the most effective positive coping strategy?
Aerobic exercise. Exercise increase overall health and it can also make you feel more relaxed and improve your mood. Helps boost brain's production of serotonin and feel good endorphins.
51
What did Martin Seligman do?
Founded positive psychology, the study of optimal human functioning. Seeks to encourage positive health and positive education. Main purpose is to measure, understand, then build human strengths.
52
What are the benefits of positive emotions and positive psychology?
enhance and sustain physical health, education can increase student's engagement, resilience, optimism, and sense of meaning.
53
What is personality?
The organization of enduring patterns (thinking, feeling acting) that distinguishes us from one another
54
What did Freud believe to be the most important in determining a person's personality?
The unconscious conflicts. He proposed psychosexual stage theory to explain how child's behavior is shaped through conflict and resolution as they move through four stages.
55
What are Freud's four psychosexual stage?
oral, anal, phallic, and genital
56
What is the greatest conflicts facing children according to Freud?
During phallic stage - focus on sexual genitalia. Boys experience Oedipus crisis (sexually desire mom, dad is threat) and girls experience Electra complex (desire dad, mom competitor). Girls experience penis envy, where they desire to be boys/ Boys experience castration anxiety, hear of being castrated if misbehave.
57
How do boys repress fear of getting castrated?
Use defense mechanism called identification where a person begins to identify with or attach themselves to an individual they view as a threat. boys identifies with dad.
58
What did Freud believe that a person's personality consisted of?
ID, ego, and superego
59
what is id?
unconscious desires demanding immediate gratification - 'blind, impulsive, irrational".
60
What are the two types of instincts with id?
Eros (life instincts) and Thanatos (death instincts). Libido is sexual energy that directs life instincts. The bad Thanatos instincts are seen in aggression. The id is driven by pleasure seeking energies that focus on sensitive areas called erogenous zones.
61
What is ego?
The reality principle and works to restrain the id while working to overcome the limitations of the surrounding environment. Works as mediator between pleasure seeking id and the do-the-right superego
62
What is superego?
is the person's conscience (sense of right/wrong) that develops around five years old. Strengthened by identification.
63
What is repression?
The most common defense mechanism, used by the ego to prevent anxiety causing impulses from being recognized by the conscious. Freud believed "slips of tongues" were incomplete repression and excessive fixation in one stage is the most likely cause of repression.
64
What is denial?
refusal to admit or recognize that something has occured/is occuring. Drug addicts/alcoholics often deny that they have a problem.
65
What is regression?
When a person retreats to an earlier less mature stage because the stress is too great.
66
What is rationalization?
the offering of socially acceptable reasons for inappropriate behavior (can cheat on hw because everyone cheats).
67
What is projection?
Attributing our own undesirable thoughts or feelings to others. (you don't like someone so you convince yourself they don't like you).
68
What is sublimatioin?
the redirection of unacceptable sexual or aggressive urges in more socially acceptable behaviors. Freud said was sign of maturity.
69
What is displacement?
The transferring threatening thoughts or feelings from a threating person to something or someone less threatening (angry at teacher - go home and punched stuffed animal)
70
What did critics say about Freud's psychoanalysis?
No empirical evidence, too much emphasis on sexual desires during childhood, offensive to women
71
What are projective tests?
Test that try to reveal personality by evaluating responses. examples include Rorschach Inkblot test and the thematic apperception test (TAT). criticized because not scientifically proven.
72
What are Neo-Freudians?
AKA psychodynamic theorists, freudian disciples that adopted their own philosophies.
73
Who is Alfred Adler?
Adler is a neo-freudian who focused on social interest as the primary determinant of behavior. He believed we all strive for superiority or the idea of being helpful to others. If we don't live up to expectations, we feel inadequate and have an inferiority complex. We are terrified of failing. He also believed birth order mattered.
74
Who is Carl Jung?
He was Freud's colleague who rejected his focus on sexual repression. He believed unconscioius had personal unconscious and collective unconscious. Jung believed that personal unconscious had painful unconfronted memories and desires. Collective unconscious was passed down through generations (explains cultural similarities). Collective unconscious contained archetypes which is a universal concept such as morality or fear of the dark.
75
Who is Karen Horney?
A Neo-Freudian who attacked male-bias in Freud's theory. She mocked penis envy and said men have womb envy.
76
Why is Humanistic personality theory often called the third force?
It was created out of rejection of behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory.
77
What do Maslow and Rogers emphasize?
People are innately good and that they determine their own destinies. Personality isn't shaped by unconscioius conflicts or conditioning but by their own choices, experiences, and feelings. Importance of self-concept and self esteem.
78
What is incongruence?
The difference between an ideal self and a real self
79
What are examples of traits?
Determination, deceitfulness, ambition, laziness, extroversion, shyness, honesty.
80
What is the nomothetic approach?
An approach that trait theorists support which believes that the same set of traits can be used to describe everyone's personality.
81
What did Hans Eysenck say?
He said that every person could be classified along 3 dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. He used factor analysis to determine his 3 dimensions. believed to be genetics
82
What does extroversion measure?
socialbility or whether we derive energy from external environment or from our private mental experiences.
83
What does neuroticism measure?
emotional stability. a neurotic is emotionally unstable and tends to be moody, anxious, and unreliable. Being low on neurotic scale means you are calm.
84
What is psychoticism?
a person's level of tough mindedness. measures hostility, ruthlessness, insensitivity, empathy, friendliness, and kindness
85
Who is Gordon Allport?
He rejected nomothetic approach to personality and became idiographic theorist.
86
What is a idiographic theorist?
Does not believe that a small group of terms can describe every personality.
87
What did Gordon Allport believe?
He proposed idea that there are 4000 different traits with 3 different levels: cardinal, central, and secondary.
88
What are cardinal traits?
cardinal traits are primary force in shaping personality. dominates a person personality and all of their passion and energy is focused around this trait. present in small amount of people.
89
What are central traits?
general characteristics that shape us. Examples include optimism, outgoing
90
What are secondary traits?
Personal likes and dislikes that only close friends would know like fear of public speaking.
91
What is the big five trait theory?
determined by factor analysis. traits include openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism and agreeableness
92
What is openness?
imagination and insight. high in this = broad range of interest
93
What is conscientiousness?
thoughtful towards others and good impulse control, organized and mindful of detail
94
what is extraversion?
excitability, socialbility, talkativeness
95
What is agreeableness?
trust, altruism, kindness, affection
96
What is neuroticism?
high emotional instability, anxiety,, moodiness, sadness
97
What is the MMPI-2?
Determines if a person is struggling with a disorder like depression. empirically derived (valid)
98
What is the Barnum effect?
People often see themselves in vague descriptions of personality.
99
What did Albert Bandura say about personality?
supports idea that personality is created by an interaction between traits, environment, behavior.
100
What is Bandura's model?
based on reciprocal determinism. three influences of personality impact each other in a loop. (behavior patterns, patterns of thinking and traits, chosen environement)
101
What is self-efficacy??
the level of confidence a person has in their abilities to accomplish taks. Bandura said high self efficacy = optimistic while low self-efficacy = feel like powerless victims. High self-efficacy is expected to do better.
102
What is Julian Rotter's locus of control?
A person has either an internal or external locus of control.
103
What are internal locus of control?
Internal control feels as though their attitude and behavior plays a central role in what happens to them, Have more control over own lives and decisions. Tend to do better in school and experience less depression and anxiety.
104
What are external locus of control?
feels as though luck, random events, or other forces control their destinies.
105
What is learned helplessness associated with?
Associated with external locus of control because they are pessimistic.
106
What is the spotlight effect?
the idea that people overestimate the extent to which others notice and evaluate their appearance and performance.

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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