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AP Psychology > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social psychology?

A

The study of how people relate to others and how their behavior is influenced by social situations.

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2
Q

What is the Attribution theory?

A

Theory that tries to explain how people determine the cause of what they see in society. (Is sixth grade brother smart in math or teacher gives easy grade?)

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3
Q

What are the two types of attribution?

A

Dispositional and situational

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4
Q

What is dispositional attribution?

A

person is responsible for their success

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5
Q

What is situational attribution?

A

factors outside determines success

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6
Q

What is Harold Kelly do?

A

developed attribution theory

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7
Q

What are the three kinds of information people used to determine dispositional vs situational attribution?

A

Consistency, distinctiveness, consensus

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8
Q

What is consistency?

A

how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time (has brother always done well in school?)

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9
Q

What is distinctiveness?

A

How similar the situation is to others we have witnessed (has brother always had high grades in math class?)

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10
Q

What is consensus?

A

how well others do in the same situation (are other students also getting high grades in math class?)

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11
Q

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

Your expectations about a person influence how you view them

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12
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

the tendency to overestimate dispositional factors when judging others and situational factors when judging ourselves.

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13
Q

What did Paul Ekman do?

A

researched how varying situations alter displays of emotions. He coined the term display rules

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14
Q

What is display rule?

A

how individuals may alter and manage their emotional expressions depending on whom they are interacting with. (express anger at younger sibling but not towards teacher)

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15
Q

What is attitude?

A

A set of beliefs and feelings that impact behavior

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16
Q

Where are persuasive messages processed through?

A

Central or peripheral persuasion

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17
Q

What is central route persuasion?

A

Focuses on content like logical arguments

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18
Q

What is peripheral route persuasion?

A

uses things like images, sounds, emotions to change attitude (attractive model to advertise car)

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19
Q

What are the two compliance strategies?

A

Foot in the door phenomenon - start small and work up

Door in the face (start big and reduce to make it seem like you are compromising

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20
Q

What is the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

attitudes can change based on the idea that we are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. When there is discrepancy between beliefs and behaviors, something must change in order to eliminate dissonance. (person who believes in protecting the climate drives a has guzzling SUV was change either their belief or type of car)

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21
Q

What is conformity?

A

the tendency of people to go along with the views or actions of others, often occurs without people being explicitly asked to follow the lead of others.

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22
Q

Who did the most famous conformity study in 1951?

A

Solomon Asch

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23
Q

What did Solomon Asch do?

A

showed that one third of the participants of the study gave incorrect answers to an easy question when other participants also gave the wrong answer. Conformity is likely to occur when the group is close to being unanimous. If someone agrees with you, you will feel the freedom to not conform.

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24
Q

How is size relative to conformity?

A

A larger group does not make conformity more likely

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25
Why do we conform?
we give in to normative social influences. When we are unsure, we look to others to show us what to do. We also follow informational social influences where we follow decisions of those who seem confident and knowledgeable.
26
What are the two social influences?
Normative and informational
27
Who conducted a study on obedience?
Stanley Milgram
28
What did Stanley Milgram do?
He asked participants to administer electric shocks to a person who answer a question incorrectly.
29
What were the results of Stanley Milgram's experiment?
60% of participants continued the shocks even after the person screamed in pain/ People were more likely to follow orders when authority figures were in close proximity and were more likely to continue when they couldn't see person being shocked.
30
What is group dynamic?
how within every group, there are roles
31
What is social loafing?
When individuals give less effort when acting as a group than when they are alone.
32
What is group think?
The tendency of people to go along with decisions in a group. Everyone agrees in order to acheive unanimity and conflicting opinions are not considered
33
What is group polarization?
tendency of people in a group with the same opinion to become more extreme in those opinions when discussing them
34
What is social facilitation?
When people perform better in front of an audience but only when easy tasks and perform worst wirst when the task is difficult (social inhibition (do you want audience watching you take the ap exam?)
35
What is deindividuation?
When people get caught up in emotions of group and loss inhibition, they lose self-awareness when they feel anonymous (Phillip's Zimmbardo's Stanford Prison experiment)
36
What are different group dynamics?
Social loafing, group think, group polarization, social facilitation, deindividuation
37
What are stereotypes?
ideas about the members of different groups which can impact how we act towards them.
38
What is prejudice?
negative attitude towards a group of people.
39
What is ethocentrism?
A form of prejudice where a person views other cultures through the lens of their own, ends up believing they are superior when they view they own culture as the norm
40
What are two general categories of prejudice?
Explicit prejudice and implicit prejudice
41
What is explicit prejudice?
Negative attitudes that a person or group of people are consciously aware of (expressed willingly and openly) such as the Jim Crow laws against African Americans.
42
What is implicit prejudice?
negative feelings about particular group that a person is not consciously aware of but becomes apparent in situations like say not prejudiced against homeless but becomes uncomfortable when seated next to one.
43
What is the scapegoat theory?
people have prejudice against a group in order to vent anger like how the Nazis used Jews as scapegoats for all the nation's problems
44
What is the contact theory?
repeated contact creates less hostility
45
What is the superordinate goal?
When working towards a common goal lowers animosity
46
What did Muzafer Sherif do?
Roobbers Cave/Camp study - when two groups had to solve "camp emergencies" together, there was lower animosity and less ingroup bias
47
What is social identity?
How our self concept derived from perceived membership in groups. When we develop social identity, we begin to associate with certain groups which becomes part of our social identity
48
What is ingroup bias?
When people believe that those in their groups are superor to the outgroups.
49
What is homogeneity?
People view the people within their own ingroup as more diverse while viewing those in the outgroup as all the same
50
What are the two types of aggressions?
instrumental and hostile
51
What is instrumental aggression?
When the act is intended to achieve a particular goal (rugby player hits the opposing team's player to get the ball)
52
What is hostile angression?
When there is no purpose like hitting someone for no reason
53
What is the frustration aggression hypothesis?
A person becomes aggressive when they feel frustrated because they cannot achieve a certain goal. Frustration --> aggression
54
What do biological psychologist say about aggression?
focuses on levels of testosterone
55
What did Bandura say about aggression?
Bobo doll experiment
56
What is prosocial behavior?
Factors that compel people to help others
57
What is the exposure effect?
The more we come into contact with a person, the greater the chance we will end up liking them.
58
How does attraction tie into prosocial relationships?
Attractiveness most effects our first impression of a person.
59
What are the three primary factors that determine being attracted to someone?
Similarity, proximity, and reciprical liking (liking those who like us)
60
What is the reward theory of attraction?
people are attracted to others who provided them with more rewards than costs
61
How do Romantic relationships start?
Start as intense emotional whirlwind when neither person can see faults, experiences passionate love
62
What happens after romantic love?
companionate love where couple deepens personal connection
63
What are the two factors that lead to companionate love?
Equity and self disclosure (share responsibilities and share and open up)
64
What is altruism?
The selfless concern for other people
65
What happened to Kitty Genocese?
She was attacked and thrity neighbors heard her but police were called thirty minutes later.
66
What is the diffusion of responsibility?
When a person is alone, they are more likely to help than in a group (bystander effect)
67
Who researched the bystander effect?
John Darley and Bibb Latane
68
What did Darley and Latane do?
They found that people must first detect problem, interpret situation as emergency then assume responsibility. If they were the only one who knew situation, they were more likely to take action.
69
What is pluralistic ignorance?
When a person in a group believes everyone else is interpreting a sitiuation in a certain way when they are not/ Bystanders assume nothing is wrong when no one else reacts.
70
What is the social exchange theory?
A person considers the cost and the benefits when deciding to help
71
What are mirror image perceptions?
we assume we are the good guys and the other side are the bad guys. The other side thinks they are good and we are bad.

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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