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AP Psychology > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is abnormal psychology?

A

The study of people who suffer from a form of psychological disorder that can manifest itself in a person’s behavior or in their thoughts.

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2
Q

What are the 4Ds that define abnormal behavior?

A

Dangerous - behavior is harmful
Deviant - behavior is unusual or declared culturally inappropriate or unjustifiable
Dysfunctional - behavior interferes with the person’s normal life
Distressful - behavior involves irrational thoughts or actions that the person find stressful or frustrating

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3
Q

That is the DSM-5?

A

A diagnonstic and statistical manual used to diagnose disorders according to their symptoms. However, it does on provide guidance on how to diagnose disorders, how to treat them, and the cause

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4
Q

What is Axis I in the DSM-5?

A

Clinical Syndromes - depression, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia

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5
Q

What is Axis II in the DSM-5?

A

Personality and development disorders

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6
Q

What is Axis III in the DSM-5?

A

Medical conditions - physical ailments that may cause symptoms of psychological disorder (like brain tumor)

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7
Q

What is Axis IV in the DSM-5?

A

Psychosocial Conditions - environmental conditions that may play a role in person’s mental health (abuse, poverty, neglect, death of loved one)

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8
Q

What is Axis V in the DSM-5?

A

Global assessment of functioning - scale used by psychologists to measure a person’s ability to function, the GAF ranges from 1-100 with higher numbers representing higher level of functioning

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9
Q

What do critics think about the DSM-5?

A

Critics question the sheer number of disorders listed and its validity that the American National Institute of Mental Health refused to endorsed.

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10
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Anxiety is a feeling of worry or nervousness about an upcoming event where the outcome is uncertain. It becomes a disorder once anxiety impacts a person’s life and paralyze their normal function.

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11
Q

What is GAD?

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder is a type of anxiety disorder that involves chronic low-level anxiety where a person constantly feels nervous or uncomfortable.

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12
Q

What is GAD associated with?

A

Low arousal of the autonomic nervous system.

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of GAD?

A

Difficulty sleeping, muscle tension, difficulty concentrating due to consistent anxiety.

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14
Q

Which group of people are more likely to get GAD?

A

more common among women and young people are susceptible

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15
Q

What is a panic disorder?

A

Short, intense bursts of anxiety without reason.

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16
Q

What are symptoms of a panic attack?

A

chest pain, muscle tightness, choking, uncontrollable sweating

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17
Q

What is the difference between GAD and panic disorder?

A

GAD involves less intense symptoms over a long period of time while panic disorder involves intense anxiety for a short period of time.

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18
Q

What is PTSD?

A

PTSD is a type of anxiety disorder that involves flashbacks or nightmares from experiencing a traumatic event.

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19
Q

What is survivors guilt?

A

When sufferers of PTSD are paralyzed by guilt when they survive an event where others died.

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20
Q

What type of people are most at risk for PTSD?

A

Those who have a more sensitive limbic system

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21
Q

What is post-traumatic growth?

A

When people who experience trauma emerge stronger and more resilient

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22
Q

What are phobias?

A

Phobia is a type of anxiety disorder where a person has an intense, irrational fear of a situation or an object.

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23
Q

What are some phobias?

A

Ophidiophobia - fear of snakes (most common)
Acrophobia - fear of heights
Agoraphobia - fear of open spaces without a place to escape

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24
Q

What is OCD?

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is a type of anxiety disorder that is characterized by persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts (obsessions) that cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to perform a certain action. Like obsessed with safety = constantly checking for locked doors and windows

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25
What type of people are most likely to get OCD?
Teenagers
26
What are the causes of Anxiety disorder?
Psychoanalytic - unresolved past conflicts Behaviorist - negative learned behavior (conditioned to respond with anxiety) Cognitive - negative thought patterns and how they contribute to a person's anxiety
27
What is the biological perspective of anxiety disorders?
States that some people are genetically predisposed to higher levels of anxiety. The possible cause could be lower than normal levels of serotonin which links to depression
28
What are Somatoform disorders?
Disorder that occurs when a person reports having physical pain or blindness without any physical cause.
29
What are two common Somatoform Disorders?
Hypochondriasis and conversion disorder
30
What is a hypochondriac?
A person who complains of being sick of having physical ailments but the doctor can't locate the cause. They might feel like headaches or muscle pain can cause heart attacks or cancer
31
What is conversion disorder?
People with severe physical problems like blindness or paralysis but doctors can't find the reason why.
32
What are mood disorders?
Involve people who struggle with emotional extremes that could result in harmful behavior
33
What is depression?
The most common psychological disorder and is a type of mood disorder where it involves an intense and prolonged sadness brought on by the increased expectation of negative outcomes/
34
What does a depressed person usually experience?
They often experience fatique and have trouble focusing. Their eating and sleeping patterns change and make them less likely to do things they usually enjoy.
35
According to the DSM-5, what is one of the main key characteristics of a major depressive disorder?
The length that a person remains depressed. The depth of sadness does not indicate that a person in depressed.
36
What is the explanatory style of someone who is depressed?
They describe their problems as internal (its my fault), stable (it'll always be like this), and global (everything is terrible)
37
What do depressed people tend to do?
over-generalize problems. One thing goes wrong = everything else in their life is terrible.
38
When in the risk of suicide greatest with depression?
When a person is rebounding from a depression episode.
39
Which gender is more likely to suffer with depression?
Women
40
What is SAD?
Seasonal Affective Disorder - depression with a seasonal pattern, usually in winter where there is less light and temperatures are colder, more common in cold climates
41
How do you treat SAD?
With light therapy
42
What is a Bipolar disorder?
A type of mood disorder also known as manic depression. Involves period of extreme highs (manic) followed by extreme lows (depression)
43
What happens during mania of bipolar disorder?
Person feels high in energy and irrational over activity with heightened sense of power and confidence which can result in excessively risky behavior.
44
What is rapid cycling?
A person who suffers with bipolar disorder that quickly rotates between mania and depression.
45
What is the cause of bipolar disorder?
hormonal imbalances, environmental issues like abuse, neglect, or significant loss.
46
What is a common medical treatment for bipolar?
lithium
47
What is the psychoanalytic perspective on mood disorders?
caused by unresolved conflicts in the past, would try to help with intense psychotherapy, ultimate goal is to uncover unconscious conflicts and deal with them
48
What is the cognitive perspective on mood disorders?
point to the issue of overgeneralization, encourage to alter thinking, people should think of their problems as external and temporary
49
What is the evolutionary perspective on mood disorders?
depression serves to slow a person down in order to protect them from dangerous behaviors.
50
What is the cognitive-behavioral perspective on mood disorders?
Martin Seligman's learned helplessness, depressed people view themselves as powerless which makes them feel unable to improve their situation, therapy should help them change their thought patterns and behaviors.
51
What is the Biological perspective on mood disorders?
Look for patterns related to brain chemistry or genetics that might point to the source of depression. Suggest predisposed genetical depression. Low level of serotonin. Treat with medication
52
What is the most severe psychological disorder?
Schizophrenia
53
What does it mean to be psychotic?
Losing touch with reality
54
How is schizophrenia different from depression and anxiety disorders culturally?
Depression and anxiety disorders are culturally influenced, more common in developed nations, whereas people who suffer from schizophrenia are about the same percentage around the world.
55
What are the primary symptoms of schizophrenia?
disorganized and distorted thinking, delusions (beliefs not based on reality) and hallucinations (sensory experience without stimuli).
56
What have hearing voices been traced to?
Activity in the thalamus
57
How do schizophrenics speak?
Incoherent talking (word salad) and broadcast thoughts out loud
58
How do schizophrenics show emotion?
They have inappropriate emotional responses like laughing when they should be showing sorrow.
59
What is the flat effect?
When schizophrenics can not show their emotions.
60
What are schizophrenics likely to have?
Multiple personalities and impaired motor functions such as rigidity (intense stiffness) or unusual flexibility.
61
What is paranoid schizophrenia?
Those who often feel like they are constantly being persecuted. They have delusions of grandeur such as being the president, running the CIA, or controlling the UN
62
What is catatonic schizophrenia?
Physical immobility followed by periods of excessive and peculiar movement. Sufferers may resist help
63
What is the biological basis for schizophrenia?
abnormal activity in multiple parts of the brain. It runs in the family with highest correlation between identical twins. Adoptive children with schizophrenic biological parents are also likely to get it.
64
Why is the dopamine hypthesis?
States that an excess of dopamine is linked with schizophrenia.
65
What are the pros of Schizophrenia drugs?
Most drugs try to modify the dopamine levels and are often antagonist that blocks dopamine receptors. They reduce symptoms
66
What are the cons of schizophrenia drugs?
By lowering dopamine levels, they may cause symptoms of Parkinson's disease. It is easy to be too reliant on drugs.
67
What are dissociative disorders?
Disorders that disrupt conscious awareness. Usually involve sudden loss of memory, change in identity, or multiple personalities.
68
What is psychogenic amnesia?
A type of dissociative disorder also known as dissociative amnesia where a person experiences memory loss following traumatic event. When emotionally able, person will gradually begin to remember it.
69
What is dissociative fuge?
A type of dissociative disorder when a person has no memory of who they are, where they live, or who their family is. All other knowledge is still intact. Can be caused by excessive stress.
70
What is DID?
Dissociative identity disorder, a type of dissociative disorder that involves a person with multiple personalities. Behaviorist believe that the development of new personalities might serve to be a positive release for the individual.
71
What do critics say about DID?
Some criticize the rapid increase of DID, suggesting role play.
72
What are personality disorders?
A person who has trouble relating to others which hinders their ability to function in relationships
73
What is ASPD?
Antisocial personality disorder, the most serious personality disorder, a person who is incapable of respecting other people's feeling. They violate the rights of others, lie and practice deceit, and break the law without guilt. Violence is often present but not necessary
74
What is the genetic link in ASPD?
Violent psychopaths have been shown with smaller frontal lobes.
75
What is Narcissistic Personality disorder?
A type of personality disorder where one is obsessed with themselves and their own importance in the world. They exaggerate accomplishments and expect to be recognized as superior. They are arrogant, insecure, and lack empathy
76
What is Boderline Personality Disorder?
A type of personality disorder characterized by inability to regulate emotions, they feel emotions intensely and have trouble returning to stable baseline.
77
What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?
A type of personality disorder characterized by excessive attention-seeking behaviors and an overwhelming need for approval. Most common in early adulthood. Manipulate and seduce for attention and approval
78
What are development disorders?
Disorders that typically manifest during infancy or childhood.
79
What is ADHD?
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - have a hard time staying focused
80
What is autism?
lack of responsiveness, impairment in verbal and nonverbal communications, limited interests and activities, engage in repetitive behaviors
81
What is Anorexia nervosa?
refusal to eat which leads to body weight dropping 85% below normal.
82
What isBulimia nervosa?
Periods of food binging followed by purges (vomitting or laxatives) can cause loss of tooth enamel, dehydration, and intestinal damage.
83
Who is Hippocrates?
Greek physician who proposed idea that mental illness had a cause and could be treated. Prescribed change in diet.
84
What did Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix do?
They fought for rights of mentally ill. Pushed for hospitals to cure people suffering from psychological disorders.
85
What is deinstitutionalisation movement?
Patients who were not a threat to society were removed from hospitals because it was overcrowded.

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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