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AP Psychology > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage model?

A

The model that suggests that sensory info becomes sensory memory (working memory). Some info is encoded into long term memory. Three stages: sensory, short term, long term

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2
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Split-second memory; only some sensory memory that brain receives is encoded into short term memory.

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3
Q

What is George Sperling’s experiment?

A

Used partial report technique, which suggested we hold a split-second perfect photograph of a scene in our sensory memory which fades away quickly

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4
Q

What did Sperling’s research demonstrate?

A

Iconic memory

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5
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

We can perfectly remember for 3-4 seconds

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6
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

Short term memory holds the information we focus on for a few seconds up to about a minute but then fades

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7
Q

What are the two functions of short term memory?

A

Processing sensory information and focusing on what is important

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8
Q

What did George Miller’s study show?

A

Our capacity for short term memory is about 7 digits

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9
Q

What is long term memory?

A

A permanent storage with unlimited capacity; can either be explicit or implicit.

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10
Q

What is explicit memory and what can it be broken down to?

A

Explicit memory (declarative); divided into episodic (memories of specific events we’ve experienced stored in order) and semantic (general knowledge/facts)

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11
Q

What is implicit memory and what can it be broken down to?

A

Implicit memory divided into procedural memory (knowledge of skills like riding a bike) and associations (operant conditioning effects)

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12
Q

What did Alan Baddeley do?

A

He revised the Atkinson-Shiffrin 3-stage model. He said short term memory was not a temporary place for sensory info but is a working platform controlled by a “central executive”.

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13
Q

What is a central executive?

A

Central executive of working memory interprets and encodes sensory info while organizing it in relation to long-term memories. (coordination between working memory and long term mem)

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14
Q

What are Mnemonic Devices?

A

Memory aids to help us remember

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15
Q

What is chunking?

A

A mnemonic device that breaks down info into smaller chunks

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16
Q

What are acronyms

A

ROY G BIV

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17
Q

What is the method of loci?

A

Uses imagery and visualization to enhance memory

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18
Q

What are hierarchies?

A

Dividing information into groups based main ideas or broad concepts (concept maps)

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19
Q

What are the measures of memory retention?

A

Recall, recognition, relearning

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20
Q

What is recall?

A

Retrieving information that is not currently in conscious awareness (FRQ)

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21
Q

What is recognition?

A

Identifying items previously learned (MCQ)

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22
Q

What is relearning?

A

Learning something more quickly the second time you study it

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23
Q

What is long term potentiation (LTP)?

A

LTP is the strengthening of neural connections as they fire more frequently. When you try to remember something, you are strengthening neural connections which strengthens that memory.

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24
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Remembering the future (remember turn in work afterschool)

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25
Explain the implicit memory system
Implicit memories for skills and conditioned responses are possible because of the cerebellum and the basal ganglia. We do not consciously process these memories
26
Explain the explicit memory system
Explicit memories are processed by the hippocampus and frontal lobes. It is involved in recalling information from working memory but memories are not permanently stored in the hippocampus.
27
What are flashbulb memories?
Flashbulb memories are explicit memories that are associated with an increase of hormones secreted by adrenal gland. When emotional event occurs, amygdala and hippocampus creates long lasting mental pictures (trauma)`
28
What is another word for photographic memory?
Eidetic memory
29
What is the hierarchy theory?
Theory that states that we have a system that organizes concepts. Like board category for family and subcategories for each member
30
What is semantic theory?
Long term memory is organizes in a spiderweb
31
What are schemas?
Mental framework that starts of as basic and gets more complex as we add new information
32
What is connectionism theory?
Theory that states that memories are stored throughout the brain in connections between neurons. As more neurons associated with a memory fires, the stronger that memory becomes.
33
What is the last step in the memory process?
retrieval ; two types are recall and recognition
34
What did German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus do?
Ebbinhaus created lists of meaningless symbols and asked subjects to repeat them back. He created a forgetting curve.
35
What did Ebbinghaus learn from his experiment?
Overlearning effect - practicing over and over makes you remember more Primacy effect - remember things at the beginning of the list Recency effect - remember things at the end of the list Primacy + Recency = serial position effect/curve
36
What are the reasons why we forget?
Encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure
37
What is encoding failure?
Information never been coded, from lack of attention, time, and effort, shallow encoding (studying from one source), studying before sleeping
38
What is retrieval failure?
When we try to remember something but can’t, tip of the tongue, illustrates importance of retrieval cues
39
What is interference?
Proactive interference (new gets disrupted by old, can only remember old locker combo) and Retroactive interference (old gets disrupted by new, can’t remember old address)
40
What are the three main factors that influence whether we can retrieve memory?
Context (do better when tested in the same classroom as where we learned info), mood (remember other times we feel sad when we are depressed), state (remember what happened last time we were drunk)
41
How do we stop retrieval failure?
Testing ourselves, spacing effect - studying over a long period of time
42
What is the misinformation effect?
When someone leads a person to believe that something has happened when it really hasn’t
43
What can lead to the misinformation effect?
Imagination inflation - imagining an event that never occurred can lead people to believe it had
44
What damage does misinformation effect cause?
False eyewitness accounts = people wrongly convicted
45
What is the discrepancy detection principle?
When people go along with the interrogator even if their memory contradicts (interrogator said black car, eyewitness agree even if they saw red)
46
What are the different types of amnesia?
Anterograde, retrograde, infantile, source
47
What is anterograde amnesia?
A person can not form new memories but can remember old ones
48
What is retrograde amnesia?
A person can’t loses previous memories but can make new ones (common among people with dementia)
49
What is infantile amnesia?
People can’t remember events before 3 ½ years old
50
What is source amnesia?
Forgetting the source of a memory or idea
51
What is reconstruction/constructive memory?
Filling in gaps of memories with false information
52
Who conducted a psychology study involving constructive memory?
Elizabeth Loftus used leading questions to influence constructive memory
53
What did Loftus learn from her study?
Carefully wording questions cause people to construct fictional detail to fill memory gaps. Confabulation - memory disturbance caused by distorted, misinterpreted, or made-up memories
54
What is a concept?
A mental grouping of similar objects, ideas, or people (concept for danger)
55
What is used to develop concepts?
Prototypes - best example of category; can depend on culture (toilet prototype in London VS in rural Africa)
56
What are the two types of problem solving techniques?
Algorithms and heuristics
57
What are algorithms?
Problem solving solutions that guarantee a solution through systematic formula; trial and error; sometimes not practical (like trying to find locker combo)
58
What are heuristics?
General rules that work most of the time; “mental shortcuts” for quick judgement; can lead to bias (mom will return home at 6 because she has been for the past 4 days)
59
What can be damaging about bias in heuristics?
Can cause a police officer to discriminate against certain ethnic groups after seeing that most people he arrested are of a certain race
60
What are the two types of heuristics?
Availability heuristics and representativeness heuristics.
61
What is availability heuristics?
When we judge situation based on similar examples (assuming you will win a prize this year after you besties won previous years)
62
What is representativeness heuristics?
Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects of the situation is to your current prototype (assuming that a person who thinks 92 is a failing grade is an ICS student)
63
What are common mistakes when solving problems?
Confirmation bias, not viewing the problem as parts but as whole, rigidity, anchoring effect
64
What is rigidity?
Tendency to fall into patterns and try to solve new problems just like we solved the previous ones
65
What is an example of rigidity?
Functional fixedness - inability to see new use for an object (needles can only be used for sewing)
66
What is confirmation bias?
We only look for information that confirms our assumptions or beliefs and ignore evidence that might contradict them
67
What is framing/anchoring effect?
How the way a question is proposed can influence perception of problem (90% fat-free vs 10% fat)
68
What are two types of thinking that are connected with creativity?
Convergent and divergent thinking
69
What is convergent thinking?
Using problem solving strategies directed towards one solution
70
What is divergent thinking?
Considering many answers to the same question
71
What are the primary building blocks of any language?
Phonemes and morphemes
72
What are phonemes?
Sounds that make up a word (farm - f arrr mm = 3 phonemes)
73
What are morphemes?
Smallest units of speech that have meaning (farm has one morpheme, farmer has two)
74
What is syntax?
The guidelines within grammar of what order words should be in a sentence
75
What are the stages of acquisition?
Birth to 1 - babbling stage, produce phonemes First birthday - one word stage Second birthday - two word stage Three - obey grammar rules but sometimes overgeneralize (i runned)
76
What did Noam Chomsky say about language?
He said people who are born with a Language Acquisition Device enables them to learn language. Ability to acquire language is genetic, not learned. A person needs to be exposed to language during critical period
77
What did behaviorists say about Chomsky’s ideas?
They disagreed, They believe that children learn language through association, reinforcement, and imitation but that doesn’t prove overgeneralization.
78
What do psychologists today think about language?
They combined both Chomsky’s and behaviorists’ ideas. Children are born with innate ability but also learn through environment
79
What does Benjamin Whord’s Linguistic Determinism Theory say?
Languages determine the way we think
80
Is the determinism theory true?
It is said to be too extreme and not credible though research shows that words may influence how we think (but don’t determine it)
81
What did Charles Spearman say about intelligence?
Spearmen said that every person has a certain level of general intelligence that can be measured by computing a g value (factor analysis)
82
What did Howard Gardner say about intelligence?
People can have different types of intelligences (8)
83
What did Robert Sternberg say about intelligence?
There are three different types of intelligence” analytical, creative, and practical
84
What did David Goleman say about eq?
We need both a high IQ and a high EQ to be successful

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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