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AP Human Geo > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is culture?

A

A group’s learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects.

Culture is both a visible force in actions and possessions and an invisible force guiding people through shared beliefs, customs, and traditions.

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2
Q

What are cultural traits?

A

Small things people do, both visible and invisible.

Examples include behaviors like attending movies or competitiveness in schools.

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3
Q

How do children and adults learn cultural traits?

A

In three ways:
* Imitation
* Informal instruction
* Formal instruction

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4
Q

What is a cultural complex?

A

A series of interrelated cultural traits.

Example: Different acceptable behaviors to greet a person in various cultures.

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5
Q

What is a culture hearth?

A

An area in which a unique culture or specific trait develops.

Example: Classical Greece as a culture hearth for democracy.

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6
Q

Define ‘diffuse’ in the context of culture.

A

To spread.

Cultures develop in hearths and diffuse to other places.

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7
Q

What are taboos?

A

Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture.

Examples include prohibitions against eating certain foods.

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8
Q

What characterizes traditional culture?

A

Resistant to rapid changes and passes down long-held beliefs, values, and practices.

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9
Q

What is folk culture?

A

Beliefs and practices of a small, homogenous group, often in rural areas and slow to change.

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10
Q

What defines indigenous culture?

A

Ethnic groups living in ancestral lands with unique cultural traits like language.

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11
Q

How did the Industrial Revolution affect cultural change?

A

Accelerated culture change through space-time compression and instant sharing of information.

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12
Q

What is globalization?

A

Increased integration of the world economy with intensified interaction among different countries.

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13
Q

What is popular culture?

A

Cultural traits that spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various groups.

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14
Q

What is cultural landscape?

A

Modification of the environment by a group, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values.

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15
Q

What is material culture?

A

Tangible things that can be experienced by the senses.

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16
Q

What is an artifact?

A

A man-made object that can offer clues to the past.

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17
Q

What is nonmaterial culture?

A

Intangible aspects of culture, including beliefs, values, and practices.

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18
Q

What are sociofacts?

A

Ways people organize their society and relate to one another.

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19
Q

What is placelessness?

A

A location that lacks strong emotional ties or uniqueness.

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20
Q

What is traditional architecture?

A

Reflects local culture’s history, beliefs, and uses locally available materials.

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21
Q

What is postmodern architecture?

A

Developed after the 1960s, characterized by high-rise structures and use of steel and glass.

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22
Q

What is contemporary architecture?

A

An extension of postmodern architecture that pushes limits of size and height.

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23
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

Membership within a group sharing common experiences and characteristics.

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24
Q

What are ethnic enclaves?

A

Clusters of people of the same culture, often surrounded by the dominant culture.

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25
What are gendered spaces?
Landscapes that reflect cultural values on the distribution of power between genders.
26
What defines cultural regions?
Regions defined based on characteristics like religion, language, and ethnicity.
27
What are centripetal forces?
Things that unify a group of people or a region.
28
What is sequent occupancy?
The process of ethnic groups moving in and out of neighborhoods, creating new cultural imprints.
29
What is neolocalism?
The process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place.
30
What is the difference between ethnicity and nationality?
Ethnicity is based on cultural traits, while nationality is based on connection to a particular country.
31
What is the difference between ethnicity and nationality?
Ethnicity refers to cultural identity, while nationality refers to the country of citizenship.
32
Define centripetal forces.
Centripetal forces are things that unify a group of people or a region, such as common language, religion, and shared heritage.
33
Give examples of centripetal forces.
* Common language * Religion * Shared heritage * History * Ethnic unity * Charismatic leader
34
Define centrifugal forces.
Centrifugal forces are things that divide a group of people or a region, such as different languages, ethnic conflicts, and racism.
35
Give examples of centrifugal forces.
* Different languages * Ethnic conflict * Racism * Dictatorial leadership * Desire for greater autonomy
36
What is Sharia?
Sharia is a legal framework derived from the Qur'an, adopted by some fundamentalist groups.
37
What is fundamentalism?
Fundamentalism is the attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith.
38
True or False: All major religions have a history of theocracy.
True
39
Define ethnocentrism.
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one ethnic group is superior to others.
40
What is cultural relativism?
Cultural relativism is the concept that beliefs and practices should be understood from the perspective of the other group's culture.
41
What is cultural appropriation?
Cultural appropriation is the action of adopting elements of another culture, often leading to problems when done disrespectfully.
42
Define diffusion.
Diffusion is the spread of information, ideas, or behaviors from their hearths to wider areas.
43
What is relocation diffusion?
Relocation diffusion is the spread of culture by people who migrate and carry cultural traits with them.
44
What is expansion diffusion?
Expansion diffusion is the spread of cultural traits outward through exchange without migration.
45
What is contagious diffusion?
Contagious diffusion is when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people.
46
What is hierarchical diffusion?
Hierarchical diffusion is the spread of cultural traits from most interconnected places or centers of wealth and influence.
47
What is reverse hierarchical diffusion?
Reverse hierarchical diffusion is the spread of cultural traits from a group of lower status to a group of higher status.
48
What is stimulus diffusion?
Stimulus diffusion occurs when a cultural trait is adopted by another culture but modified or rejected.
49
What is imperialism?
Imperialism is a broader concept that includes various ways to influence another country or group through conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance.
50
What is colonialism?
Colonialism is a type of imperialism where people move into and settle on the land of another country.
51
What is a lingua franca?
A lingua franca is a common language used by people who do not share the same native language.
52
What is a pidgin language?
A pidgin language is a simplified mixture of two languages developed for communication between speakers of different languages.
53
What is a creole language?
A creole language is a more formal structure and vocabulary that develops from a pidgin language over time.
54
What is space-time convergence?
Space-time convergence refers to the greater interconnection between places due to improvements in transportation and communication.
55
Define cultural convergence.
Cultural convergence is the process by which cultures become similar and share more cultural traits.
56
Define cultural divergence.
Cultural divergence is the idea that a culture may change over time due to factors like distance and isolation.
57
What are social constructs?
Social constructs are ideas or concepts created and accepted by people in a society.
58
What is the role of technology in cultural diffusion?
Technology facilitates the spread of culture and language, often leading to the dominance of a few global languages.
59
What is the impact of globalization on languages?
Globalization encourages the use of fewer languages, often leading to the extinction of traditional languages.
60
What is the Indo-European language family?
The Indo-European language family is a large group of languages that may have descended from a common ancestral language.
61
What is the significance of communication technologies in contemporary culture?
Communication technologies reshape cultures and languages, facilitating the spread of popular culture.
62
What are the three theories on the origin of language?
1. Dispersion of people carrying language 2. Transmission from neighbors 3. Conquest imposing language
63
How many language families can most languages spoken today be grouped into?
15 language families
64
What is the Indo-European language family?
A large group of languages possibly descended from a language spoken 6000 years ago
65
How many native speakers are there in the Indo-European language family?
2.8 billion native speakers
66
What are Romance languages?
Languages that diverged from Latin after the dissolution of the Roman Empire
67
Which languages are examples of Romance languages?
* Portuguese * Spanish * French * Italian * Romanian
68
What is the difference between accents and dialects?
Accents refer to pronunciation; dialects include variations in accent, grammar, usage, and spelling
69
What are isoglosses?
Boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage
70
What are adages?
Sayings that express a truth about life
71
What are toponyms?
Names for places that provide insight into a region's geography, history, and culture
72
What is an official language?
A language designated by law as the language of the government
73
What are the three categories of countries based on official language?
* Homogeneous countries * Countries discouraging traditional culture * Countries honoring multiple ethnic groups
74
What is the most common official language in the world?
English
75
What are ethnic religions?
Belief traditions emphasizing strong cultural characteristics among followers
76
What are the two most widespread ethnic religions?
* Hinduism * Judaism
77
What are universalizing religions?
Religions that actively seek converts regardless of ethnicity or social status
78
Which religions are considered universalizing?
* Christianity * Islam * Buddhism * Sikhism
79
What is the central belief of Hinduism?
Karma and dharma; reincarnation based on quality of life
80
What did Buddhism reject from Hinduism?
The caste system
81
What are the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?
Principles to eliminate desire and suffering
82
What is the main goal of Buddhism?
Achieving nirvana
83
What is the primary focus of Sikhism?
Service to others, honesty, hard work, and generosity
84
What is the significance of the Golden Temple in Sikhism?
Most holy space located in Amritsar, India
85
What is the Torah in Judaism?
The central reference of the religious Judaic tradition
86
What event strengthened the movement for a Jewish state?
The Holocaust during WWII
87
What is the belief that Jesus is the son of God associated with?
Christianity
88
What are the Five Pillars of Islam?
1. Belief in Allah 2. Praying five times a day 3. Almsgiving 4. Fasting 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca
89
What are the two major subdivisions of Islam?
* Sunni (90%) * Shia (10%)
90
What is the primary mode of diffusion for Christianity?
Contagious diffusion via missionaries and conversion
91
What is the primary mode of diffusion for Islam?
Contagious diffusion by trade and conquest
92
What is acculturation?
Adoption of values and practices of a larger group while maintaining one's own culture
93
What is assimilation?
When an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group
94
What is syncretism?
Fusion of two cultural traits into a new hybrid trait
95
What is glocalization?
Creation of products for the global market adapted to local cultures
96
What is multiculturalism?
Coexistence of several cultures in one society
97
What is nativism?
Anti-immigrant sentiment often directed towards a particular group
98
What is xenophobia?
Dislike of people from other countries
99
Define cultural realms
Large regions that include several cultural regions. Cultures within these share few traits like language families, religious traditions, food preferences, architecture, history, etc. Not defined by strict political boundaries 10 major cultural realms
100
What are the 10 major cultural realms?
Anglo-American (Canada and US) Latin American European Slavic (Russia) Islamic (SWANA, N Africa) Sub-Saharan African Indian Sino-Japanese Southeast Asian Austral European
101
Define acculturation, assimilation, syncretism, and cultural appropriation
Acculturation - adopting traits from the dominant culture while maintaining their own Assimilation - adopting so many traits from the dominant culture that they cannot be recognized apart Syncretism - fusion of two cultural traits leading to new traits Cultural appropriation - often dominant culture adopting traits from a marginalized group without understanding or respecting the cultural significance.
102
What are menifacts?
Comprised of nonmaterial culture, consists of beliefs, values, practices, and aesthetics.
103
Diaspora
occurs when one group of people is dispersed to various locations

AP Human Geo (9 decks)

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