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AP Human Geo > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of a country?

A

A general term to describe any political entity that is independent from the control of any other entity.

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2
Q

What are the four criteria for a state in international relations?

A
  • Defined boundary
  • Permanent population
  • Maintains sovereignty over its domestic and international affairs
  • Recognized by other states
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3
Q

What is a nation?

A

A group of people who share a common cultural heritage, beliefs, values, a traditional claim to a specific homeland, and a desire to establish their own state.

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4
Q

What is a nation-state?

A

A nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state (1 nation 1 state), e.g., Japan, Korea, Iceland.

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5
Q

What is a multinational state?

A

A country that contains more than one nation (2+ nations 1 state), e.g., Canada.

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6
Q

What defines an autonomous region?

A

A defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state.

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7
Q

What is a semiautonomous region?

A

A defined area within a state that has a degree of, but not complete, self-rule from its parent state.

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8
Q

What is a stateless nation?

A

A cultural group that has no independent political entity (1 nation 0 state).

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9
Q

What is a multistate nation?

A

A nation that has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states (1 nation 2+ states).

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10
Q

Define sovereignty.

A

The power of a political unit or government to rule over its own affairs.

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11
Q

What does the term ‘nationalism’ refer to?

A

A nation’s desire to create and maintain a state of its own.

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12
Q

What are centripetal forces?

A

Forces that unite a country
* Nationalism
* Shared religion
* External threats
* Common language

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13
Q

What are centrifugal forces?

A

Forces that break apart a country
* Different religion
* Different language

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14
Q

What is terra nullius?

A

A Latin phrase meaning ‘land belonging to no one,’ used to justify conquest.

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15
Q

What is decolonization?

A

The undoing of colonization where indigenous people reclaim sovereignty over their territory.

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16
Q

What is neocolonialism?

A

A system where economic, political, or cultural control is indirectly exerted over developing countries.

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17
Q

What are choke points?

A

Places of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction.

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18
Q

Name a water-based choke point.

A

Examples include the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb.

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19
Q

What are physical geographic boundaries?

A

Natural barriers between areas such as oceans, deserts, and mountains.

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20
Q

What are cultural boundaries?

A

Divisions that separate people according to cultural aspects like language, religion, or ethnicity. Not strictly set.
(Broad, basically physical vs cultural boundaries)

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21
Q

What is an antecedent boundary?

A

A boundary that precedes the development of the cultural landscape, typically based on physical features.
Ex. Cuba and Argentina separated by Andes Mountains

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22
Q

What are boundaries?

A

Natural or cultural barriers that divide areas

Boundaries can include oceans, deserts, mountains, or cultural distinctions like language and religion.

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23
Q

What is a subsequent boundary?

A

A boundary created while the cultural landscape is evolving, accommodating ethnic, religious, linguistic, or economic differences
Ex. The major countries in Europe

Subject to change over time.

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24
Q

What is a superimposed boundary?

A

A boundary drawn by outside powers that may ignore existing cultural patterns
Ex. Africa, the Berlin Conference 1884

Often established without knowledge of the terrain or cultural borders.

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25
What is a relic boundary?
A boundary that is no longer active but still impacts the cultural landscape. Ex. Berlin Wall, Great Wall of China ## Footnote Examples include the Berlin Wall and the Great Wall of China.
26
What is a geometric boundary?
A straight line or arc drawn by people, not following any physical features Ex. 49th parallel separating US and Canada, 38th parallel N and S Korea ## Footnote Examples include the boundary between the US and Canada along the 49th parallel.
27
What is a consequent boundary?
Borders that consider existing cultural or physical landscapes. Divide different groups. Ex. Balkanization of Yugoslavia, resulting in multiple small states. ## Footnote Examples include the 1947 Partition of British India.
28
What is an open boundary?
A boundary that is unguarded and allows easy crossing ## Footnote Typically found in countries with friendly relations, like EU member states.
29
What is a militarized boundary?
A heavily guarded boundary that discourages crossing ## Footnote Examples include the Korean DMZ and borders constructed to curb immigration.
30
What is a defined boundary?
A boundary established by a legal document like a treaty ## Footnote Can range from a country to a single plot of land.
31
What is a demarcated boundary?
A boundary identified by physical objects placed on the landscape, like fences and walls ## Footnote Examples include signs, fences, and walls.
32
What is an informal boundary?
Boundaries not set formally, like spheres of influence ## Footnote Can exist at both regional and local levels.
33
What is an electoral geography?
The study of spatial patterns in elections and voting behavior ## Footnote Involves understanding how geographic factors influence electoral outcomes.
34
What is gerrymandering?
The drawing of political district boundaries to benefit a particular party ## Footnote Can involve strategies like cracking, packing, stacking, hijacking, and kidnapping.
35
What is the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
Legislation aimed at ending discriminatory practices in voting ## Footnote Intended to increase minority representation in Congress, especially African Americans
36
What is irredentism?
A type of expansionism where a country seeks to annex territory with cultural ties ## Footnote Often based on historical claims to the land.
37
What is a shatterbelt?
A region between two contentious areas, often experiencing instability because of external aggresion. ## Footnote Eastern Europe is an example of a historical shatterbelt.
38
What are exclaves?
Territories that are part of a state but geographically separated from it ## Footnote Examples include Alaska and Nakhchivan.
39
What are ethnic enclaves?
Territories with a shared cultural identity surrounded by another culture ## Footnote Examples include Native American reservations in the US.
40
What is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)?
An international agreement defining maritime zones and rights ## Footnote Establishes territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, and high seas.
41
What is a territorial sea?
The area extending up to 12 nautical miles from a country's coastline ## Footnote Coastal states have sovereignty over this region.
42
What is an exclusive economic zone (EEZ)?
Area extending up to 200 nautical miles where coastal states can exploit resources ## Footnote This zone allows for exploration and extraction of minerals and natural resources.
43
What is redistricting?
The process of redrawing district boundaries after reapportionment ## Footnote Ensures districts contain roughly equal populations.
44
What is the significance of the 38th parallel?
The line along which North and South Korea were divided after WWII ## Footnote Represents a geopolitical boundary with ongoing tensions.
45
What is stacking in the context of gerrymandering?
Diluting a minority-populated district with majority populations.
46
What does hijacking refer to in gerrymandering?
Redrawing two districts to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other.
47
Define kidnapping in the context of redistricting.
Moving an area where an elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support.
48
What was the aim of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?
To end discriminatory practices that reduce minority representation in government.
49
What was the Supreme Court's ruling in Shelby County vs. Holder (2013)?
It ruled that the Voting Rights Act was no longer needed as it had succeeded in remedying racial disparity in representation.
50
What is a federal state?
A system that unites separate political entities into an overarching system allowing each entity to maintain some degree of sovereignty.
51
What characterizes a unitary state?
Most or all governing power is held by the national government, with local governments subject to its authority.
52
List some strengths of a federal system of governance.
* Represents needs of local and regional areas * Quicker to address local issues * Power spread across the country * Clarity of national policies
53
What are some weaknesses of a unitary state?
* Contradictory laws may exist * Slower to respond to national issues * Often overlooks minority issues * Concentrates power in core areas
54
What is devolution?
The process where countries transfer some political power from the central government to subnational levels.
55
What geographic factors can lead to devolution?
Physical geography can cause isolation, decrease connections, and increase likelihood of devolution.
56
What is ethnic separatism?
Advocacy of full political separation from a larger group along cultural, ethnic, tribal, or governmental lines.
57
Provide an example of a region with ethnic separatism.
Basque Country in Spain was granted semi-autonomy in 1979.
58
True or False: Terrorism is often used by governmental groups.
False.
59
What does irredentism refer to?
Movement to unite people who share a language or cultural elements but are divided by a national boundary.
60
What are autonomous regions?
Regions with their own local and legislative bodies that govern a population that is an ethnic minority within the country.
61
Define subnationalism.
Pledge of primary allegiance to a traditional group or ethnicity instead of the national state.
62
What is balkanization?
Fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile, units along ethno-linguistic lines.
63
What is globalization?
Integration of markets, states, communication, and trade on a worldwide scale.
64
What is supranationalism?
Formation of multiple countries into an organization for collective benefits, often requiring some loss of sovereignty.
65
List some examples of supranational organizations.
* United Nations (UN) * North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) * European Union (EU) * Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
66
What are transnational companies?
Companies conducting business on a global scale, often weakening state sovereignty.
67
How has technology affected globalization?
It has promoted globalization by connecting people, but also helped subnational groups organize.
68
What are centrifugal forces?
Forces that divide a state, leading to fragmentation and separation.
69
What is regionalism?
Loyalty to a distinct portion of a country rather than to the entire country.
70
What are centripetal forces?
Forces that unite a state, promoting cohesion and stability.
71
List some ways to build political identity.
* Unifying institutions like schools * Nationalism * Economic development * Cultural practices
72
Territoriality
Willingness of a person/group to defend the space they claim. Ex. Sea of Japan/East Sea
73
Defined delimited boundary
Delimited - mapped Drawn by a cartographer to show the limits of a space. Boundaries on a map, may not correspond to physical or cultural landscape of the actual location. Ex. 49th parallel between US and Canada
74
What are the 4 types of International boundary disputes?
Definitional Locational/territorial Operational/Functional Allocational
75
Define definitional boundary dispute
Boundary dispute over the interpretations of the original documents that defined the boundary. Typically occurs with antecedent boundaries. Ex. boundary between Chile and Argentina: most of southern lands were neither settled or accurately mapped, so control of this territory is in dispute
76
Define locational/territorial boundary dispute
Boundary dispute over the location of the boundary and ownership of the land. Ex. Post WWI boundary between Germany and Poland: Germany controlled the land before the war, but afterwards border drawn gave Poland the land, with many ethnically German people on the Polish side. -> irredentism
77
Define operational/functional boundary dispute
Dispute on how to manage the boundary and different issues/situations that occur on the boundary. Ex. The US-Mexico boundary and immigration
78
Define allocational/resource boundary dispute
Dispute over the use of what is on or in the boundary (natural resources separated by a boundary) Ex. 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait because they claimed Kuwaitis were drilling and extracting oil on the Iraqi side of the boundary, breaking the vertical plane.
79
Administered boundary
How a boundary will be maintained/functioned/what goods and people will be allowed to cross
80
Controlled boundary
Boundaries that have checkpoints where a passport or a visa are required to enter the country.
81
Demilitarized Zones (DMZ)
Area between two states where it is agreed that no military presence can exist. Ex. 2 mile stretch DMZ North and South Korea.

AP Human Geo (9 decks)

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