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AP Human Geo > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

What is agriculture?

A

Process where humans altered the landscape to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade.

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2
Q

What long-term weather patterns influence agriculture?

A

Climate.

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3
Q

How does the development level of a country affect agricultural practices?

A

Access to modern technology significantly influences overcoming climatic obstacles.

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4
Q

What is subsistence agriculture?

A

Primary goal is to grow enough food or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and their family.

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5
Q

What distinguishes commercial agriculture from subsistence agriculture?

A

Primary goal is to grow enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell for profit.

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6
Q

Define intensive agricultural practices.

A

Farmers use large amounts of inputs (energy, fertilizer, labor, machine) to maximize yields.

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7
Q

What is extensive agriculture?

A

Uses fewer amounts of inputs and typically results in less yields.

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8
Q

What is pastoral nomadism?

A

Rely on animals for survival, moving herds within territory and trading meat for crops.

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9
Q

What is shifting cultivation?

A

Grow crops for a year or two until soil loses fertility, then move to another field entirely.

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10
Q

How does the French long-lot system organize land?

A

Farms were long, thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river.

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11
Q

What is the Public Land Survey System?

A

Created rectangular plots of consistent size, organizing land into townships and sections.

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12
Q

What are the major hearths of crop agriculture?

A
  • Southwest Asia (Fertile Crescent)
  • Southeast Asia
  • South Asia (Indus Valley)
  • East Asia
  • Sub-saharan Africa
  • Mesoamerica
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13
Q

What is independent innovation in agriculture?

A

When humans independently find/develop solutions to problems.

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14
Q

What was the Columbian Exchange?

A

Global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas after 1492.

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15
Q

How did the Second Agricultural Revolution impact agriculture?

A

Used advances of the Industrial Revolution to increase food supplies and support population growth.

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16
Q

What is crop rotation?

A

Technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land to restore nutrients.

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17
Q

What is the significance of the mechanical reaper invented by Cyrus McCormick?

A

Decreased the need for human labor by automating the cutting and harvesting of crops.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a series of laws enabling landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use.

A

Enclosure Acts

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19
Q

True or False: Intensive subsistence agriculture is often capital intensive.

A

False

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20
Q

What is the impact of mechanization on employment in agriculture?

A

Fewer farmers were needed as agriculture became mechanized.

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21
Q

What are the Enclosure Acts?

A

A series of laws enacted by the British government enabling landowners to purchase and enclose common land for their own use.

These acts forced many farmers off their land and disrupted traditional farming practices.

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22
Q

What was one impact of the Enclosure Acts?

A

Many farmers were forced off their land and lost their traditional way of life.

This led to increased rural-to-urban migration.

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23
Q

How did the Enclosure Acts affect food supply?

A

Increased food supply and life expectancy as people had access to a greater variety of food.

Better diets contributed to population growth.

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24
Q

What is the Green Revolution?

A

Advances in plant biology in the mid-20th century that included new seed technology, mechanization, pesticides, and chemical fertilizers.

It aimed to increase food supply to meet global population demands.

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25
Who is considered the 'Father of the Green Revolution'?
Dr. Norman Borlaug. ## Footnote He developed high-yield, disease-resistant grain and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970.
26
What was a significant outcome of Dr. Borlaug's work?
Mexico became a self-sufficient country with a surplus of wheat. ## Footnote His work later extended to South Asia.
27
What is seed hybridization?
The process of breeding two plants with desirable characteristics to produce a single seed with both traits. ## Footnote This was a focus during the Green Revolution.
28
What does GMO stand for?
Genetically Modified Organism. ## Footnote It involves changing the DNA of a seed using engineering techniques.
29
What are some pros of the Green Revolution?
Higher yields, reduced starvation, and decreased food prices. ## Footnote It significantly improved food security in developing countries.
30
What are some cons of the Green Revolution?
Environmental damages, marginalization of women, and economic changes. ## Footnote Intensive farming practices led to soil erosion and pollution.
31
Why did the Green Revolution fail in Africa?
Greater diversity of climate/soil, lack of infrastructure, and staple crops not included in hybridization research. ## Footnote Africa has experienced the least impact from the Green Revolution despite high population growth.
32
What are two main economic factors influencing farmers' decisions?
Available capital and relative costs of land/labor. ## Footnote These factors determine whether farmers use extensive or intensive agricultural practices.
33
What is the bid-rent theory?
A distance-decay relationship between proximity to the urban market and the value of land. ## Footnote It explains how land value decreases with distance from the market.
34
What is double cropping?
Planting/harvesting a crop two or three times per year on the same land. ## Footnote This practice increases land productivity.
35
What is the difference between monoculture and intercropping?
Monoculture is growing one crop type, while intercropping involves growing two or more crops simultaneously. ## Footnote Intercropping can improve soil health and reduce erosion.
36
What is agribusiness?
Farms run as corporations, integrating various steps of production in the food-processing industry. ## Footnote It often involves large-scale, mechanized operations.
37
What is vertical integration in agribusiness?
Ownership of other businesses involved in the steps of producing a particular good. ## Footnote This allows for greater control and profit margins.
38
What is the von Thünen model?
An economic model suggesting a pattern for types of products produced at different distances from the market. ## Footnote It is foundational in location theory.
39
What is the first zone in the von Thünen model?
Horticulture. ## Footnote This zone is closest to the market due to the perishability of crops.
40
What determines the type of agriculture in the von Thünen model?
Transportation costs, land costs, intensity of land use, and perishability of the product. ## Footnote These factors influence farmers' decisions on what to produce.
41
What are cool chains in agriculture?
Transportation networks that keep food cool during transit. ## Footnote They help maintain product quality over longer distances.
42
What are trophic plains?
Regions where agriculture is influenced by the availability of natural resources and climate conditions ## Footnote Trophic plains refer to areas with fertile land that are conducive to agricultural activities.
43
What is a comparative advantage in agriculture?
Naturally occurring beneficial conditions that prompt farmers to plant crops differently ## Footnote This can include better climate or soil conditions that favor certain crops.
44
What are secondary markets in agriculture?
Markets where farmers sell products that may not be their primary output ## Footnote For example, a dairy farmer may primarily sell milk but also sell cheese to distant markets.
45
How have changes in transportation affected agriculture since 1826?
Development of transportation and storage techniques allows food to be transported longer distances ## Footnote Refrigeration has played a significant role in this change.
46
What is the Von Thünen Model?
A model that explains agricultural land use based on distance from a market ## Footnote It assumes that land use varies with distance from a central market location.
47
What is a specialty circumstance in the context of the Von Thünen Model?
Areas of specialty farming that do not fit the model, such as citrus in Florida ## Footnote This includes various crops grown in specific regions that deviate from the model's predictions.
48
True or False: The Von Thünen Model assumes there is only one market for farmers to sell goods.
False ## Footnote Modern agriculture systems often involve multiple markets.
49
What is globalization's effect on agricultural supply chains?
It causes the spatial expansion of supply chains, covering thousands of miles ## Footnote This interdependence means problems in one country can significantly impact others.
50
What are luxury crops?
Crops not essential to human survival but have a high profit margin ## Footnote Examples include cocoa beans and coffee.
51
What is neocolonialism in the context of agriculture?
Economic, political, and social pressure to control former colonies ## Footnote This reflects the ongoing disparities in global food production.
52
What is the Fair Trade movement?
An effort to promote higher incomes for producers and sustainable farming practices ## Footnote It started with Fair Trade certificates for coffee in 1988.
53
Fill in the blank: The _______ provides public financial support to farmers.
subsidies ## Footnote Subsidies help safeguard food production and stabilize markets.
54
What are the environmental effects of modern food production?
Land cover change, pollution, desertification, soil salinization ## Footnote These effects can lead to significant ecological damage.
55
What is terrace farming?
Building steps into the side of a hill to create flat surfaces for agriculture ## Footnote It helps increase arable land and reduces soil erosion.
56
What is soil salinization?
The accumulation of salts in the soil that affects plant growth ## Footnote It can be caused by improper irrigation practices.
57
What is overgrazing?
When animals graze too much, leading to desertification ## Footnote This often occurs in regions like the Sahel.
58
What is the Dust Bowl?
A period in the US where extensive soil erosion rendered 35 million acres useless ## Footnote This was largely due to the removal of prairie grass for agriculture.
59
What is the feminization of agriculture?
The trend of women taking on more roles in agriculture as men leave for other jobs ## Footnote This shift affects farming dynamics and decision-making.
60
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
The dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country in a year ## Footnote Agriculture contributes to a country's GDP.
61
What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
Plants or animals modified by scientists to enhance certain traits ## Footnote GMOs can be more nutritious and resistant to pests.
62
What is aquaculture?
The practice of farming aquatic organisms ## Footnote It is increasingly important for food production.
63
What are the potential risks associated with GMOs?
Development of superpests, long-term health risks, high costs for poor farmers ## Footnote These concerns have led to restrictions in some countries.
64
What percentage of the world's agricultural labor force do women make up?
40% ## Footnote In subsistence farming, the figure is 70%
65
What are some concerns regarding GMO seeds?
* Too expensive for poor farmers * Potential development of superpests or superweeds * Long-term risks to consumers yet to be identified
66
What is aquaculture?
The practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food living in water
67
What is the Blue Revolution?
The spread of aquaculture from China and Southeast Asia to the rest of the world, making it the fastest-growing form of food production
68
What are environmental concerns associated with open-pen aquaculture systems?
* High fish density leads to disease and parasites * Chemicals used can damage ecosystems * Risk of fish escaping and competing with native stocks * Excess feed and waste can pollute local waters
69
What is food insecurity?
When households lack access to adequate food due to limited money and resources
70
What is a food desert?
A neighborhood with little to no access to healthy and affordable food
71
How does climate change affect farming in some areas?
It can extend growing seasons due to milder winters and lower feed costs
72
What are some examples of value-added specialty crops?
* Organically grown crops * Rare subtropical plants * Grass-fed beef * Free-range chickens and eggs
73
What are some factors affecting food production?
* Food processing * Transportation systems * Distance from processing locations
74
What are some gender-specific obstacles faced by women in agriculture?
* Denied access to finance and capital * Denied training/education * Denied property ownership * Limited mobility * Lack of political power
75
What is the estimated crop gap between male and female-run farms?
20-30% ## Footnote Due to gender-specific obstacles impacting productivity
76
What is agritourism?
Where tourists visit farms for recreational reasons, adding revenue to farmers
77
What defines organic food?
Must be non-GMO, produced without pesticides or synthetic fertilizers, and use sustainable growing practices
78
What is community-supported agriculture (CSA)?
A partnership where consumers buy a share of crops for a season, ensuring a local supply of fresh products
79
What is the main reason for food insecurity in the U.S.?
Poverty and employment situations
80
True or False: Organic farming tends to be less labor-intensive than conventional farming.
False ## Footnote Organic farming is typically more labor-intensive
81
What are some negative impacts of agricultural chemicals?
* Contaminates water supplies * Destroys natural ecosystems * Contributes to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
82
What are some challenges of urban farming?
Requires substantial energy for lighting and may face zoning restrictions
83
Fill in the blank: The __________ is a network that gets food from farms to consumers.
food distribution system
84
What is the role of government policies in agriculture?
* Regulations on migrant workers * Financial assistance * Investment in infrastructure * Taxes on unhealthy products
85
What are the 3 different rural land settlement patterns?
Clustered (nucleated) Dispersed (isolated) Linear
86
Describe the clustered/nucleated settlement pattern (rural)
Homes are located near each other to create a central farm village that provide shared services Provides safety to residents and a strong sense of place Farmlands lie outside the village so farmers have to travel some distance to work
87
Describe the dispersed/isolated rural settlement pattern
Homes are distant from one another Basic assumption of safety and abundant water/resources that enable ppl to spread out
88
Describe the linear rural settlement pattern
Ppl arrange themselves in a line, typically along some route of transportation like road or river Everyone has access to what they need to water crops/transport goods
89
What are the 3 types of land survey methods?
Metes and Bounds (British settlers in Eastern US) Township and Range (Midwest/Western US from Land Ordinances 1785) Long Lot (Louisiana, French)
90
Metes and Bounds
Establishes property boundaries according to natural features of the landscape. Metes are straight lines, while Bounds follow features like rivers/roads Eastern US, where British settlers established the colonies.
91
Township and Range
Divides land into square plots of equal size, w/o consideration of natural features. Based on longitude and latitude Established by the Land Ordinance 1785 in the US, to sell land to settlers quickly bc have no time to go survey the land during the westward expansion of US.
92
Long-lot
Divides land into long rectangular lots, each one having a small access to vital resource, like roads/rivers/etc Louisiana and France, as French settlers settled there.

AP Human Geo (9 decks)

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