Unit 6 Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Ecumene
A
the permanently inhabited portion of the earth’s surface.
2
Q
Percent urban
A
Proportion of the population that live in cities/towns compared to pop living in urban areas.
(# of ppl in urban areas / total pop) * 100
3
Q
City States
A
Composed of urban center (city) and its surrounding territory and agricultural village which receive services and protections from it.
(Vatican City, Singapore emerge from religion)
4
Q
City
A
Areas with nucleated/clustered settlement
Legal definition: higher density area with territory marked by officially recognized political boundaries. -> useful to determine precise pop, taxes, provide services, and establish/enforce laws.
5
Q
Urban area
A
central city plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes, which includes the surrounding suburbs.
6
Q
Metropolitan/metro area
A
Collection of adjacent cities economically connected across areas where population density is high and continuous
(Denver, Colorado consist of cities Denver, Aurora, Lakewood, etc.)
7
Q
(US) Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)
A
consists of >50,000 ppl, county where it’s located, and adjacent counties that are highly integrated socially and economically/connected to urban core.
8
Q
(US) Micropolitan statistical areas
A
cities of 10,000-50,000 ppl, county where it’s located, surrounding counties with high degree of integration.
9
Q
Morphology
A
Physical characteristics
10
Q
Describe the morphology of an urban area
A
built up area
outskirts of the city are underdeveloped areas/open spaces where built up areas end. (often considered an urban border, whether or not it coincides w/ legally defined city boundary)
11
Q
Social heterogeneity
A
population contains greater variety of people. Particularly prevalent in cities bc many ppl move from rural to urban for jobs/opportunities.
12
Q
How has time-space compression encouraged urban growth?
A
Improved transportation and internet systems enable people to live further from the city but still be able to visit/work, expanding distance between homes/city -> urban areas expand.
13
Q
Borchert’s transportation model
A
Each new form of technology produces new system that change how people/goods move between urban areas. Divided urban history into 4 periods – epochs (sail wagon, iron horse, steel rail, auto-air-amenity)
14
Q
Describe Sail-Wagon Epoch of Borchert’s transportation model
A
1790-1830
Water ports become important
Poor road condition make long distance travel between cities difficult
15
Q
Describe Iron Horse Epoch of Borchert’s transportation model
A
1830-1870
Steam engines power engines, promoting growth of river cities
Regional rail networks connect cities
Rail lines connect resources and industrial sites
16
Q
Describe Steel Rail Epoch of Borchert’s transportation model
A
1870-1920
Transcontinental railways emerge
Cities emerge along rail lines in interior of continents
17
Q
Describe Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch of Borchert’s transportation model
A
1920-1970
Cars allow cities to spread out
Airport hubs emerge
Cities become more interconnected
18
Q
Pedestrian cities
A
earliest urban centers, cities shaped by distance people can walk
19
Q
Streetcar suburbs
A
communities that grew up along rail lines, creating a pinwheel shaped city. Emerged as transportation improved.
20
Q
Cities connected to US interstate highway system have __________ advantages
A
Situational advantages - can transport goods/services more efficiently
21
Q
New communication technology diffused __________ to large cities first
A
Hierarchically
In early 2000, cities that lagged to build new comm. infrastructure fell behind other cities as cities are nodal regions requiring connectivity to thrive.
22
Q
Describe push and pull factors of rural-to-urban migration
A
Push factors: population growth pressure, cultural tension, environmental strain, lack of economic opportunities in agri. communities
Pull factors: economic opportunities, cultural freedoms, gov. services
23
Q
Identify and describe the pattern where most rapid rural-to-urban migration occur.
A
China: West to East
Brazil: rural northern to western
India
24
Q
Identify problem of rapid migration
A
substandard housing, overcrowding, stressed infrastructure
25
Identify one US city that specialized in retirement and tourism.
Cities in Florida like Orlando and Tampa
26
Suburbanization
process of ppl moving (usually from cities) to residential areas on the outskirts of cities, forming communities connected to the city for jobs/services. Less densely populated, less ethnically diverse. An effect of urban growth
27
What are the causes of suburbanization in North America after WWII?
Economic expansion, greater purchasing power, growth of car-centered lifestyle, gov construction of highway systems -> workers can commute farther.
(US) Federal Housing Administration provide mortgage loans for families to move to suburbs
As African Americans came to North in search of jobs, better education, many White Americans moved to suburbs known as “White Flight”
Continued gov investment in suburban growth, lack of investment in inner cities. Industries and jobs left the cities, highways were sometimes built in locations that uprooted/divided existing urban communities.
28
Sprawl
Rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city. As economic and residential activities decentralize, cities spread out horizontally.
Causes: growth of suburbs, lower density single family housing, weak planning laws, growth of car culture
29
(US) Leapfrog development
encourages sprawl, where developers buy land and build communities beyond the periphery of the city’s-built area -> urban footprint increases.
30
Boomburbs/Boomburgs
Rapidly growing communities, have total pop of >100,000, and doesn't have a dense urban center. (Mesa, Arizona)
31
Edge cities
nodes of economic activity developed in the periphery of large cities, along junction of transportation routes. Have tall office buildings, concentration of retail shops, relatively few residences. (hotels, malls, restaurants, etc)
32
Exurbs
prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs. Expansive lots, single family homes. For ppl who want peace/privacy while still having connection to urban center
Causes: remote work via tech removing need to commute, affordability of land, cultural preferences.
33
Reurbanization
Suburbanites return to live in the city
34
Megalopolis
Chain of connected cities, like the "Bos-Wash Corridor" NYC-Philadelphia-Baltimore-Washington DC.
Cross state boundaries, exceed definition of a metropolitan area
Although legally major cities remain separate, these cities and suburbs became single region with characteristics of a single massive city.
35
Megacities, Metacities/hypercities
Megacities: >10M ppl
Metacities/hypercities: >20M ppl
Network of urban areas that grew together to form a larger interconnected urban system.
Can spread over political borders, exert influence regionally/worldwide due to size of populations.
36
Conurbation
A large continuous area formed as a result of cities merging through population growth and expansion.
37
Megacities are more common in _________ countries because ___
LDCs because of high birth rates and increased rural-to-urban migration.
15/20 largest urban areas in the world 2020 was in semiperiphery/periphery countries.
38
What are some problems megacities face
Social problems between ethnic groups, joblessness, lack of infrastructure, inadequate housing, environmental problems like polluted air, lack of access to safe drinking water.
39
World/global cities
cities that exert influence on global economic, political, and cultural activities. Serve as hubs for international business, trade, communication, connecting various regions of the world, facilitate globalization.
40
What are some characteristics of world/global cities
Presence of media hubs, financial centers, banks, corporate headquarters, headquarters for intl organizations.
Very interconnected via transportation/comm networks.
41
Urban hierarchy
ranking of systems of cities based on influence or population size.
42
Nodal cities
command centers on a regional/national level, not as influential as world cities.
Has some corporate headquarters, regional offices for transnational companies. Also serve as major entertainment/economic centers within their region
(Denver, Phoenix, Minneapolis)
43
Urban system
interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, global scale. Models developed to help make sense of this.
44
Rank-size rule
Describes one way that sizes of cities within a region may develop: nth largest city in any region will be 1/n size of the largest city -> rank of the city within an urban system will predict its size.
Rank-size distributions are characteristics of well-developed regions/countries.
45
What are limitations of the rank-size rule?
Not exact, applies better to some countries than others.
Doesn't explain distribution of cities
X consider distance/interaction between cities.
Work best using metropolitan area population
46
Primate City Rule
There is one primate city that is disproportionately more powerful, medium sized cities are not present.
Countries that follow a unitary form of gov or have a strong central gov follow this model.
If developing country conforms to this rule, it is bc they were former colonies which other world powers concentrated political/economic interactions into a particular city.
47
Primate city
Largest city when it is disproportionately large than the second largest. This city has primacy.
Offers wide range of services
48
How does Mexico follow the primate city rule?
Mexico City offers many services not available to other parts -> ppl in northern parts migrate to the city for economic opportunity/greater services instead of trying to travel great distances, and also bc lack of medium-sized cities.
49
Gravity model
larger and closer places will have more interactions than place that are smaller and farther from each other. Basic theory apply to most places.
-predicts flow between cities
-assumes no barriers (limitation)
-Fails to recognize that interactions are complicated beyond size/distance (tourist destinations, religious sites, etc)
50
Central Place Theory
1933 by Walter Christaller, explains spatial arrangement, size, # of settlements -> central places are strategically located to provide goods/services to surrounding areas in a hierarchical manner, considering that high-order services have larger market areas.
Limitations: assume an isotropic plain, X consider effects of barriers or availability of transportation systems.
51
High-order services
Services that are expensive, need a lot of labor to support, and only occasionally utilized.
Ex. major sports teams, large malls, luxury car dealerships
52
Low-order services
Less expensive, smaller population to support, used on daily/weekly basis
Ex. gas station, grocery store
53
Central place
location where people go to receive goods/services. In central place theory, each size of settlement will be evenly distributed across space (larger cities will be farther spaced from each other than small town or villages)
54
Hamlet
Tiny community with only low-order services
55
Market area
zone that contains ppl who will purchase goods/services surrounding each central place. High-order services have larger market areas than low-order services.
In central place theory, depicted as hexagonal hinterlands – compromise between square (ppl in corners are farther from central place) and circle (overlapping areas of service)
56
Threshold
size of population necessary for any service to exist and remain profitable. Low-order services have lower threshold.
57
Range
distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services. High-order services have longer range
58
Urban Models
o Classify and categorize land use in urban areas
o Describe how various urban land use are segregated spatially
o Offer explanations for the location of different urban land uses
59
Functional zonation
underlying principle in urban models that portions of an urban area (regions, zones) have specific and distinct purposes. Fit together to create city. 3 basic zones: CBDs, Industrial/Commercial zones, residential zones
60
CBD
Central Business District - commercial heart of a city, located near the physical center of a city/crossroad where city was founded. Focus of transportation and services.
Bc competition for this valuable land, has certain characteristics: Some countries have skyscrapers and “underground cities” – facilities for parking, shopping, and rapid transit
Europe: located in historic heart of city, buildings are shorter
Manufacturing is rarely located here
Residential portions have high-density housing
61
Industrial/Commercial Zone
dedicated to industry, includes manufacturing, warehousing, transportation. Separated from residential areas bc air/noise pollution.
62
Commensal relationship
When commercial interests benefit each other (ex. restaurants and theaters in the same zone
63
Residential zone
Where people live. Separated from CBD/industrial zones either legally (gov zoning) or by choice.
64
What are 3 models that can be used to model North American Cities?
Concentric Zone Model by Burgess
Sector Model by Hoyt
Multiple Nuclei model by Harris and Ullman
65
Concentric Zone Model
Developed by sociologist Burgess 1920. Following zones arranged in circles:
1. CBD
2. Transition zone (mix industrial uses with low-cost housing)
3. Low-cost residential (working-class)
4. Moderate-cost residential (expensive)
5. Commuter's zone (suburbs - greater distance from CBD, land is plentiful and affordable.
66
Sector Model
Developed by economist Hoyt 1930. Describes different sectors of land use for low, medium, and high-income housing. All were located near the CBD early in city’s history, each grew OUTWARD as the city expanded, creating sectors of land use rather than rings.
o Locates sectors for low-income/lower-quality housing next to industrial and transportation zones, higher ones farther away along wide tree-lined boulevards or on higher ground.
o Notes sector for transportation extending from city’s center to the edge, favors adjacent zone of manufacturing. (contains rail, canal, etc.
67
Multiple Nuclei
Developed by geographers Harris and Ullman 1940s. Suggests that functional zonation occur around multiple centers/nodes. Characteristic of each node attract/repel certain types of activities -> patchwork of land uses each with its own center/nucleus.
(industry zone attract related industries/high density housing. Business parks attract restaurants, theaters)
68
Peripheral model
Variant of Multiple Nuclei model. Describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city, served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road (beltway). Name derived from role of service nodes that develop on the periphery of the original city.
69
Galactic city model
Developed in 1950s as suburban growth in US skyrocketed.
Original CBD surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimic its function. As suburbs grew, took on some CBD functions (key locations along transportation routes, people create mini-downtowns)
70
Describe characteristics of European Cities
Grew out of medieval/pre-industrial cities
City walls (built for protection) restrained growth
Grew slowly with little planning -> dense mix of commercial and residential land w/ narrow winding streets. Distinct land-use zones difficult to find.
Different CBD - attempt to preserve historic urban cores -> limit new construction, restrict height of buildings
European suburbs likely to have more tall buildings, most are apartments. High population density.
71
Describe characteristics of Middle Eastern/Islamic Cities
Middle East, Southeast Asia, East Africa, parts of Spain
Principal mosque at the center of the city, surrounded by structure to serve public.
Most built with defensive citadel. Major roads connect gates of citadels to city centers, along these roads are suqs.
Streets/alleys twisting, windows are small and located above eye level -> shady areas, cultural adaptation to sun/heat and also show privacy is important value in Islam.
Homes have central courtyards than front/back yards
72
Suqs
Traditional outdoor markets or covered bazaars. Shops selling luxury items near the center of city. Bulkier/less valuable items near wall/gates.
73
Citadel
Fort designed to protect the city
74
Griffin Ford Model
Models Latin American cities
2-part CBD at the center of the city (traditional market center and modern high-rise center). Most desirable housing is located there, next to developed center. Extends outward, accompanied by a commercial spine of development (commercial area extending from CBD) ending in a growing secondary center, mall.
75
Describe characteristics of Latin American Cities
As distance increase from center, quality of housing, public infrastructure decrease/disappear
Zone of in situ accrecion acting as a transitional area between older areas and peripheral outer ring
Periférico - outer ring of the city w/ poverty/shantytowns
Industrial node closer to commercial spine
Favelas/barrios, most in disamenity zones
76
In situ accretion
Transitional zone for Latin American cities from older areas of the city to the peripheral outer ring.
77
Shantytowns
Unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and pieces of cardboard
78
Favelas/barrios
Neighborhoods in Latin American cities marked by extreme poverty, homelessness, lawlessness.
79
Disamenity zones
Areas not connected to city services, under control of criminals. Physically unsafe locations (ex. steep unstable mountain), structures poorly constructed, dense buildings and population.
80
Describe characteristics of African Cities
European colonization -> new cities built next to/on top of existing ones. Regions:
Traditional CBD – exist before E colonization, small shops clustered along narrow, twisting streets. Includes formal economy
Colonial CBD – broad/straight avenues, large homes/parks/administrative centers
Informal economy zone – curbside, car-side, and stall-based businesses that hire people temporarily and don’t follow all regulations. Also includes periodic markets – small scale merchants congregate weekly/yearly to sell goods.
Zone of mining and manufacturing often found in cities
Residential zones often based on ethnicity, mirror multi-ethnic makeup of African countries.
Informal/squatter settlements
81
Informal/Squatter settlements
located on periphery of cities, densely populated. Lack sufficient public services for electricity, water, sewage. Similar to Latin American favelas, face problems with drugs, crime, disease.
One of largest is Kibera on western edge of Nairobi, Kenya.
82
Periodic markets
Small scale merchants congregate weekly/yearly to sell goods
83
Describe Characteristics of Southeast Asian Cities
McGee model – focus of modern city is often a former colonial port zone, export-oriented. Shares commercial uses similar to CBD in North American cities. Includes government zone. Belt of market gardening often surround and supply these cities.
If city is national/regional capital, have commercial zone dominated by foreign merchants and ambassadors.
Has history of Chinese immigration/commercial interest for few centuries -> secondary commercial zone dominated by Chinese businesses.
Industrial parks/regions of manufacturing emerge on peripheries of some cities as importance of industry in SE Asia rose.
84
Zoning ordinances
regulations/laws that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used, to prevent conflict.
Results in clear land-use segregations.
85
Residential density gradient
As distance from the inner city increases, population and housing-unit density decreases
(North America)
86
Filtering
process where houses pass from one social group to another. Usually occur when people with less wealth move after wealthy residents leave. -> ripple effect down the social scale, might include changing the use of the house.
Result: changing landscape through process of sequent occupancy
87
Sequent occupancy
Cultural imprints made on the land by ethnic groups
88
Urban infill
Process used to reduce urban sprawl on the outer edges of the city. Increase the residential density of an area by replacing open space/vacant housing w/ residences.
o Bid-rent makes it profitable to replace lower-density homes in suburbs with higher-density housing like multi-family housing and apartments.
89
What are gated communities?
Planned communities that control access and promote aesthetics through physical barriers
## Footnote
They often include security measures and regulated visual elements.
