Unit 7 Flashcards
(124 cards)
Industry
The process of using machine and large-scale processes to convert raw materials into manufactured goods.
Needs raw materials
Raw materials
Basic substances, like minerals and crops, needed to manufacture finished goods
Cottage Industries
Small home-based businesses making goods. Depend on intensive human labor as people used simple tools.
Most people had these kind of business before 18th century.
When was the Industrial Revolution?
18th century
Industrial Revolution
Series of technological advances, resulting in more complex machinery driven by water/steam power that could make products faster and cheaper than cottage industries.
Started in Great Britain.
Describe the diffusing pattern of the Industrial Revolution
Great Britain -> (mid 1700s, rapid) France/Netherlands -> (mid-1800s) Germany, US -> (early 1900s) reach all of Europe, Japan, parts of China, South America.
Today, most of the world is industrialized.
Manufacturing shifted from cottage industries to factories because..
It was more efficient, cheaper, faster.
But the wealthy consumers are willing to pay more for high-quality handcrafted products than mass-produce, so cottage industries are still important.
On a local scale, investors originally considered 3 factors on the location of factories.
Now, why did it diminish in importance and which additional factor emerged?
1) Energy resources to provide power (rivers/coal deposits)
2) Minerals/agri. products needed to produce goods
3) Transportation routes
In the 19th century, new forms of energy and transportation was developed, so factories could be built in more diverse locations. However, as factories grew larger, location near large workforce became more important -> factories cluster around cities
Describe how growth of cities and factories reinforce each other
Factory work attract people to cities, who provide market for factory goods, and greater availability of goods attract more people -> rapid urbanization
Describe the class structure before the industrial revolution
Tiny class of elites
Small class of merchants, clergy, people using more knowledge than physical labor
Large class of workers on farms/in craft.
How did industrial revolution affect class structure?
Expanded the middle class as industries needed factory managers, accountants, lawyers, clerks, and secretaries.
Demand for workers who can read/write increase -> higher demand for teachers and professors.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect ppl in rural areas?
Mechanization of agriculture displaced people, but those who could stay benefited from increased productivity.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the urban working class?
They had hard/dangerous jobs, lived in crowded conditions in polluted areas, and often couldn’t afford to purchase the products they made.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the urban middle class?
People in the expanding urban middle class had more comfortable lives and enough income to purchase low-cost manufactured goods.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the business-oriented class?
Some factory owners, bankers, and others in business in urban areas became extremely wealthy.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect landowners?
Landowners often maintained control of land, but lost their influence in society to the rising business-oriented class
Describe how cities grew outward and upward
Horizontal: improvements in intra-urban transportation (trains, cars, trucks) allow cities to spread out farther from downtown core. People can live farther from workplace and still commute to work. Producers can transport food from the countryside to cities to feed the growing population.
Vertical: Development of elevators, stronger and affordable steel, and techniques to construct stronger foundation -> taller buildings -> denser city population, public health measures become increasingly important.
Describe how Industrial Revolution built on earlier rise of imperialism
Countries like Great Britain and France desire to control trading posts/colonies to provide various resources:
o Raw materials (sugar, cotton, foodstuffs, lumber, minerals for mills/factories
o Labor to extract raw materials
o Markets to sell finished products
o Ports where trading ships can stop to get resupplied
o Capital from profits for investing in new factories, canals, railroads.
Describe the effects of imperialism + industrial revolution
By early1900s, several European countries and US had colonies around the world.
Made wealthy countries wealthier. Greater divide between industrialized and unindustrialized states.
Industrial Belt
Stretching across midlatitudes of Northern Hemisphere (Northeastern/midwestern US, much of Europe, part of Russia, Japan)
For most of 20th century, industrialized regions often found in large urban areas providing workforce, along coasts and rivers.
However… end of 1900s deindustrialization
Deindustrialization
Process of decreasing reliance on manufacturing jobs.
As a result of improved tech, companies need fewer employees to produce same quantity of goods. Manufacturing companies transfer production to semiperiphery countries like China, India, Mexico where they pay workers low wages and avoid regulations designed to protect workers/environ.
Workers in deindustrializing core fought against this process, but with limited success -> rust belts
Rust belts
Regions with large number of closed factories. US Midwest and Northeast, because starting in 1950s and 1960s experienced decline in manufacturing activities -> unemployment, poverty, population loss
What is the Primary Economic Sector?
Focused on extracting natural resources from Earth.
Farming, mining, fishing, forestry.
Dominated the economy until late 1800s, low-wage and high-risk jobs. A small part of today’s economy, many require physical labor.
What is the Secondary Economic Sector?
Focused on making products from natural resources.
Manufacturing, building
Significant growth from 1840-1960s. Wages vary greatly.
