unit 3 digestive system

Question 1

digestion

Answer 1

hydrolysis of large molecules into monomers within the gastrointestinal tract

Question 2

absorption

Answer 2

transportation of monomers across the wall of the small intestine in the blood lymph

Question 3

alimentary canal (GI) tract

Answer 3

mouth to anus

Question 4

accessory digestive organs

Answer 4

digestive glands

Question 5

what is the digestive process?

Answer 5

1. ingestion
2. propulsion
   - swallowing and peristalsis
3. mechanical breakdown
   - segmentation
4. digestion
5. absorption
6. defecation

Question 6

what are the 4 layers of the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 6

1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscular externia
4. serosa

Question 7

what are the three sublayers of the mucosa?

Answer 7

1. epithelium
2. lamina propria
3. muscular mucosae

Question 8

submucosa characteristics

Answer 8

• connective tissue
• blood and lymph vessels
• lacteals

Question 9

muscular externa characteristics

Answer 9

• inner circular muscle
• outer longitudinal layers
• spinchers
• smooth muscle

Question 10

peritoneum

Answer 10

serous membranes of abdominal cavity

Question 11

mesentery

Answer 11

double layer of peritoneum, layers are fused back to back

Question 12

intraperitoneal organs

Answer 12

in cavity

Question 13

retroperitoneal organs

Answer 13

outside or posterior to cavity

Question 14

oral cavity characteristics

Answer 14

-oral orifice; opening of mouth

stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 15

tongue

Answer 15

interacting bundles of skeletal muscle

Question 16

functions of tongue

Answer 16

• gripping, repositioning, mixing of food
• formation of bolus, food and saliva
• initiate swallowing, speech and taste

Question 17

what are the 4 different tongue papillae

Answer 17

1. filiform papillae- rough, keratinized
2. fungiform papillae- color
3. valiate papillae- the V
4. foliate papillae- ridges on side

Question 18

functions of saliva

Answer 18

1. cleanses mouth
2. dissolve food for taste
3. moisten food, bolus
4. breakdown of starch with amylase

Question 19

what are the three parts of the esophagus?

Answer 19

1. esophageal hiatus- passes diaphragm
2. cardial orifice- joins stomach
3. gastroesophageal sphincter

Question 20

deglutition process of mouth

Answer 20

1. buccal phase- voluntary

2. pharyngeal-esophageal phase- involuntary

Question 21

what are the two layers of the stomach

Answer 21

1. muscularis
   - inner oblique layer
2. mucosa layer
   - gastric pits and glands

Question 22

what are the types of gland cells in the stomach?

Answer 22

1. mucus neck cell- in neck
2. parietal cells- Hal acid and intrinsic factor
3. chief cells- base, pepsinogen
4. enteroendocrine cells- histamine, gastrin

Question 23

HCl formation steps

Answer 23

1. drops to pH of 2
2. proteins are denatured
3. converts pepsinogen to pepsin

Question 24

stimulations and secretion of HCl

Answer 24

1. gastrin- parietal, ECL cells
2. histamine- parietal, H2
3. parasympathetic neurons- Ach, parietal

Question 25

protective mechanisms of pepsin and HCl

Answer 25

1. mucus with bicarbonate- buffer ph 2. tight junctions 3. replacement of damaged cells

Question 26

where does protein digestions happen?

Answer 26

stomach

Question 27

gastritis

Answer 27

inflammation caused by anything that breaches stomach's mucosal barrier -helicobacter pylori

Question 28

treatments for gastritis

Answer 28

- avoid substances - antactics - H2 histamine receptor blockers - proton pump inhibitors, meds

Question 29

what accessory organs are associated with the small intestine?

Answer 29

- liver - gallbladder - pancreas

Question 30

liver lobules

Answer 30

- hexagon structure - hepatocytes; bile - central vein; open circle

Question 31

portal triad

Answer 31

1. hepatic artery- O2 2. hepatic portal vein- nutrient rich blood 3. bile duct

Question 32

bile composition

Answer 32

- yellow-green, alkaline - bile salts; breakdown and absorption - bilirubin, yellow color

Question 33

bile salts

Answer 33

- reabsorbed into blood by ilium - returned to liver by hepatic portal blood - resecreated

Question 34

digestive enzymes in the pancreatic juice

Answer 34

1. proteases- proteins 2. amylase- carbs 3. lipases- fats or lipids 4. nucleases- nucleic acids

Question 35

enteropeptidase

Answer 35

bound to duodenal cells

Question 36

hormone control in the bile and pancreatic juice

Answer 36

1. cholecystokinin (CCK) | 2. secretin

Question 37

small intestine

Answer 37

- between pyloric sphincter and ileocecal valve | - digestion and absorption

Question 38

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

Answer 38

1. Duodenum 2. jejunum- absorption 3. lieum- bile salts, vitamin, water, electrolytes

Question 39

microvilli

Answer 39

increase surface area for food absorption

Question 40

what are the three parts included in villi

Answer 40

1. circular folds- spiriling 2. villi 3. microvilli

Question 41

specialized cells in the villus and crypts

Answer 41

1. enterocytes- absorption 2. goblet cells- mucus 3. enteroendocrine cells 4. panted cells- defenses, and Lyso. 5. stem cells- replacement

Question 42

regulating chyme entry

Answer 42

- hypertonic | - mixed with bile and pancreatic juice to digest

Question 43

ileocecal valve control

Answer 43

- sphincter; allow chyme into LI | - gastroileal reflex; increase force of segmentation

Question 44

large intestine

Answer 44

no digestive function but absorbs H2O, electrolytes, vitamins and folic acid

Question 45

anus characteristics

Answer 45

- anal columns and anal recesses-produce mucus | - superficial census plexuses- hemaroids

Question 46

bacterial flora functions

Answer 46

1. fermentation | 2. vitamin synthesis

Question 47

how do you keep bacteria in check

Answer 47

beneficial bacteria outnumber and suppress bad bacteria

Question 48

digestion of carbohydrates

Answer 48

-amylase

Question 49

digestion of proteins

Answer 49

amino acid monomers