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A&P 2 lecture > unit two immune system > Flashcards

unit two immune system Flashcards

1
Q

the immune system

A

provides resistance to disease

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2
Q

what are the two intrinsic systems of the immune system?

A
  1. innate (non specific)- 1st and 2nd line of defense

2. adaptive (specific)- 3rd line of defense (memory)

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3
Q

first line of defense

A
  • skin and mucous membrane (physical barrier

- secretions

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4
Q

what are the 5 skin and mucous membranes that destroy organisms?

A
  1. acid mantle
  2. enzymes
  3. mucin
  4. defenses
  5. other chemicals
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5
Q

what modifications does respiratory system have?

A

cilia

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6
Q

what is included in 2nd line of defense?

A
  • phagocytes; neutrophils and macrophages
  • natural killer cells
  • inflammatory response cells
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • fever
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7
Q

phagocytes

A

digest foreign invaders, WBC’s

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8
Q

what is the process of phagocytes?

A
  1. recognize and adhere to non self antigen
  2. engulf particle making phagosome (new membrane)
  3. phagosome fuse with lysosome to make phagolysosome
  4. lysosomal enzyme digest particles
  5. waste is exocytosed
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9
Q

macrophages

A
  • cheif phagocytic cells

- free and fixed macrophages

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10
Q

neutrophils

A
  • most abundant

- hold the line for others to come but die fighting

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11
Q

natural killer cells

A

nonphagocytic, large granular lymphocytes

  • apoptosis ( cell suicide)
  • cancer cells and virus infected cells
  • tell cell to die
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12
Q

four cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. redness
  2. heat
  3. swelling
  4. pain
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13
Q

benefits of inflammation

A
  • dosent spread
  • disposes debris and pathogens
  • alerts immune system
  • repair
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14
Q

stages of inflammation

A
  1. chemical release (histamine)
  2. vasodilation and permeability
  3. phagocyte mobilization
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15
Q

inflammatory chemical release

A
  • ECF

- release of cytokines (cell movement)

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16
Q

what are other inflammatory mediators?

A
  • kinis
  • prostaglandina
  • complement proteins
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17
Q

vasodilations and increased permeability

A
  • hyperemia; increase blood flow
  • exudate; fluid and clotting
  • edema; increased volume of ECF
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18
Q

what are other causes of pain

A

release of toxins from bacteria

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19
Q

steps for phagocyte mobilization

A
  1. leukocytosis: release of neutrophils
  2. Margination: CAM’s grab into neutrophils
  3. Diapedesis: flatten and squeeze between endothelial cells
  4. chemotaxis: positive, neutrophils move towards injury
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20
Q

pus

A

yellow mixture of dead neutrophils and cell tissues

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21
Q

abscess

A

lots of puss surrounded by collagen fibers, surgically drained

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22
Q

what two ways do antimicrobial proteins innate defense by?

A
  1. direct attack (soldiers)

2. indirect attack (generals)

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23
Q

what are the most important antimicrobial proteins?

A
  • interferons

- complement proteins

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24
Q

interferons

A

-warn healthy neighboring cells about the bacteria or virus

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25
what are the two types of interferons
1. A and b; activate NK cells | 2. y (gamma); macrophages and lymphocytes
26
complement system
circulate blood in inactive form, enhance inflammation and directly destroy bacteria
27
what are the three pathways of compliment proteins?
- classical pathway - lectin pathway - alternative pathway
28
classical pathway
- adaptive, kills foreign substances - antibodies - complement fixation; fix antibody to antigen
29
lectin pathway
-specific sugars, lectin
30
Alternative pathway
Spontaneously bind to foreign invader
31
how is fever signaled
foreign substances secrete pyrogens that tell hypothalamus to increase temp
32
benefits of moderate fever
- live and spleen to hold onto zinc, so foreign things cant live - increases metabolic rate
33
adaptive immune system
specific system that eliminates pathogens or abnormal cells
34
what does adaptive immune system do?
- amplifies inflammatory response | - activates complement
35
what is the shortcoming of adaptive immune system?
must have initial exposure before knowing how to defend itself
36
characteristics of adaptive immunity
- specific - systemic - memory
37
what are the two branches of adaptive system?
1. humoral immunity | 2. cellular immunity
38
humoral immunity
antibodes circulate freely bind to target cell to inactivate and mark for destruction not directly killing
39
cellular immunity
- directly killing - enhance inflammatory response - T cytotoxic cells
40
antigens
the targets
41
characteristics of antigens
1. complete antigen or hapten (half) 2. contain antigenic determinants; what antibodies look for 3. can be self antigen
42
important properties of complete antigens
1. immunogenicity- produce lymphocytes to multiply | 2. reactivity- reactor bind with antibody
43
antigenic determinants
part of antigen that antibodies bind to
44
characteristics of antigenic determinants
- . mobilize lymphocytes | - form antibodies against them
45
self antigens
not antigenic to self but antigenic to others
46
MHC proteins
T lymphocytes recognize only antigens that are presented on MHc proteins ( the little flag pole
47
adaptive immune system cell types
1. B lymphocytes- humoral, antibodies 2. t lymphocytes- cellular, cytotoxic 3. antigen presenting cells- no specific antigens, role in immunity
48
lymphocyte Development, maturation and activation
T and B lymphocytes bind to only what they are looking for
49
5 steps of lymphocytes
1. origin; bone marrow and thymus 2. maturation: go to primary lymph. organs to be tested in pos. and neg. selection. to see MHC and to not see themselves 3. seeding secondary lymphoid organs: naive, pass test but not seen action 4. antigen encounter and activation: triggers lymphocyte to develop further. Clonal selection, binding to specific antigen 5. proliferation and differentiation; lymphocyte proliferates. effector cells fight, some are memory cells
50
major types of antigen presenting cells
- dendritic cells - macropgahes - B cells
51
dendritic cells
- helper T cells in lymph node - most effective - immunity
52
macrophages
- present antigens to T cells | - activate and become more hungry
53
B cells in APC's
- present to helper T cells before activation | - own activation
54
primary immune response
- cell proliferation and differentiation upon exposure - 3 to 6 days of lag period - plasma antibody in 10 days
55
secondary immune response
- reexposure to same antigen, gives faster, more prolonged and effective response - memory - respond within hours
56
active humoral immunity
when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies
57
passive humoral immunity
when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body
58
naturally acquired
formed in response to actual bacteria or virus
59
artificially acquired
vaccine
60
variable regions
at end of each arm, antigen binding sites
61
constant regions
stems, common function
62
antibodies
immunoglobulins, bind to specific antigen detects by B cells | do not destroy, they inactivate them and tag them
63
what are the five c lasses of ig
- igM; first released - igA; mucous - igD; B cells - igG; most abundant, 75-85% - igE; allergies
64
what are the 4 defense mechanisms antibodies use?
1. neutralization- blocking 2. agglutination- clumping 3. precipitation- fall out 4. lysis- splits
65
CD4 cels
- naive - Helper T cells - regulatory T cells
66
CD8 cells
cytotoxic T cells
67
what are the two classes of MHC proteins
1. class I MHC- all but RBC's | 2. class II MHC- only antigen presenting cells
68
class I MHC proteins
- endogenous antigen - self or non self antigen - only CD8 cytotoxic cells can bind
69
class II MHC proteins
- exogenous antigens | - only CD4 helper T cells can bind
70
helper T cells
- humoral and cellular arms - activate and proliferate B and T cells - secerte cytokines to recruit immune cells - without Th, there is no immune response
71
activation of B cells
1. T cell dependent antigens | 2. T cell independent antigens- weak
72
activation of CD8 cells
- helper T is required | - cause dendritic to express co-stimulatory molecules
73
cytotoxic T cells
- directly kill other cells | - lethal hit by releasing performs and granzymes to stimulate apoptosis
74
what do activated Tc cells target?
- viral cells - bacteria - cancer
75
regulatory T cells
- preventing autoimmune reactions - supress self-reactive lymphocytes - allograft; transplant from other person
76
Immunodeficiency
congenital or acquired conditions that impair functions or products of immune cells
77
autoimmune disease
when immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign

A&P 2 lecture (12 decks)

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