unit 4 reproductive system Flashcards
1
Q
testes
A
- produce sperm
- deleiverd through ducts
2
Q
what are apart of the seminiferous tubules?
A
- spermatogenic cells- forms sperm
- sustenocytes- support
- myoid cells
- interstitial endocrine cells
3
Q
testicular cancer
A
- mumps
- cryptorchidism
4
Q
scrotum
A
- 3 degree Celsius lower, necessary for production
- dartos muscle pulls close to body
5
Q
internal penis
A
- spongy network of CT and SM with vascular spaces
- corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa
6
Q
male duct system
A
- epididymis- head body tail, microvilli
- ductus deferens
- ejaculatory duct
- urethera
7
Q
seminal glands
A
- 70% of semen
- fructose; energy for sperm
8
Q
bublo urethral glands
A
- think clear mucus
- pre cum to clean
9
Q
prostate
A
- contracts during ejaculation
- milky, acid fluid
10
Q
prostatitis
A
-chronic; inflammatory and non
11
Q
semen
A
alkaline fluid neutralizes acidity of utrthra and vagina for mobility
12
Q
characteristics of semen
A
- prostaglandins- decrease viscosity
- relaxin- sperm motality
- atp
- suppress female immune response
- anabolic chemicals
- clotting factors- keep in place
- fibrinolysin- un clog for movement
13
Q
what hormones do females secrete?
A
- estrogen
- progesterone
14
Q
what are ovarian follicles
A
- contain oocyte, immature
- follicle cells- 1 layer
- granulosa cells- many layers
15
Q
follicle stages
A
- primordial follicle- small, follicular
- more mature follicles- primary and 2nd, granulose
- vesicular (antral) follicle- upwards, cave around oocyte
16
Q
corpus luteum
A
develop from reputed follicle after ovulation
produce progesterone
17
Q
ectopic pregnancy
A
oocyte is fertilized anywhere but the uterus
dangerous
18
Q
what do cervical glands secrete
A
mucus that blocks sperm entry except in mid cycle
19
Q
cervical cancer risks
A
- inflammation
- STi’s- HPV
20
Q
prolapse of the uterus
A
may skin and protrude through vagina
21
Q
what are the three layers of the uterine wall?
A
- perimentrium
- myometrium- contractions
- endometrium- stratum functionalism and basalts
22
Q
chromosomes
A
- 46 in person
- diploid- 23 from each parent (2n)
- haploid (n) only 23 from 1 parent
23
Q
functions of meiosis
A
- number of chromosomes are cut in half
2. genetic diversity
24
Q
what are the three steps of spermatogenesis?
A
- mitosis of spermatogonia- stem cell into 2 spermatocytes, type a and b
- meiosis-form secondary spermatocytes
M1- 2 secondary
M2- 4 - spermatogenesis- becomes a sperm
25
oogenesis process
1. begins in fetal period
2. oogonia multiply- prophase 1 only
3. primary oocyte develop into primordial follicles- stops here
- dosent complete process until pregnancy
26
dominant follicle
- chosen to be the one that goes through the process
| - creates first polar body
27
secondary oocyte
-stops in metaphase 2 when ovulated
28
error rates
sperm- 3-4%
| oogenesis- 20%
29
what are the two ovulation phases?
1. follicular phase- 1-14 days
| 2. luteal phase- 14-28 days, ovulation to end. always 14 days from ovulation to end
30
stages of follicle development
1. a primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle- prophase 1, small 1 layer
2. primary follicle becomes secondary- granulose cells
3. secondary becomes vesicular follicle
31
what is ovulation?
rising levels of LH cause ovary wall to rupture, expelling secondary oocyte
32
luteal phase
-after ovulation, follicle collapses, antrum fills with blood
33
corpus luteum
- progesterone
- if no pregnant. it dies off
- if pregnant, it produces hormones until placenta takes over
34
hormonal interaction during ovarian cycle
1. GnRH stimulates FSH and LH
2. FSH and LH cause follicle to grow, mature and sex hormones
3. neg. feedback inhibit gonadotropin
4. positive feedback stimulate gonadotropin
5. LH surge, trigger ovulation and form corpus luteum
6. neg feedback inhibit fSh and LH
35
what are the three phases of the uterine cycle?
1. day 1-5, menstural phase
2. days 6-14, preovulatory phase
3. days 15-28, postovulatory phase
36
amenorrhea
when extreme athletes work a lot, causes period to delay and disrupt cycle
-not enough leptin
37
gestation period
time from last period until birth 280 days
38
fertilization
sperm and oocyte chromosomes combine
| zygote formed
39
viability
- oocyte, 12-24 hours
| - sperm, 24-48 hours
40
sperm transort
- most don't make all the way
| - must be capacitated to penetrate oocyte
41
what are the steps for sperm to reach the oocyte?
1. approach- hyaluronidase, digest connection between granulose
2. acrosomal reaction- digest zone pellucida
3. binding- wrap around sperm
4. fusion of membranes- contents enter oocyte
5. blocks od polyspermy- no more sperm can get in
42
oocyte membrane block
sheds all the sperm binding receptors
43
zone reaction blocking
Ca2+ surge from ER
oocyte becomes second meiotic division
cortical reaction inhibit proteins to destroy receptors for sperm
44
human chorionic gonadotropin
is what determines if a female is pregnant or not
45
what does the placenta secrete?
1. human placental lactogen- maturation of breasts, grow fetus, glucose
2. human chorionic thyrotropin- TSH
3. relaxin- relaxes pelvis for birth
46
parturition
culmination of pregnancy, giving birth to baby
47
labor
series of events that expel the baby
48
what effects does increased estrogen have?
- oxytocin receptors
| - antagonizes calming effects of progesterone- Braxton hicks
49
what are the three stages of labor?
1. dilation stage- 10 cm
2. expulsion stage- crowning, episiotomy(cutting tag for baby), vertex(head), breech (butt)
3. placental stage-after birth, delivering placenta
50
what are some characteristics of lactation?
2-3 days until true milk comes
| secrete colostrum- lots of minerals and enzymes
51
what does suckling do?
- lactation is sustained
- prolactin
- oxytocin
52
what are the advantages of breastfeeding?
1. fats, iron, amino acids and easily metabolized
2. host of beneficial chemicals- glycoprotein, helicobacter pylori
3. bacterial colonization of gut
4. natural laxative to clean bowel and make first movement
