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A&P 2 lecture > unit 3 respiratory > Flashcards

unit 3 respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

major functions of the respiratory system

A

-supply body with O2 for cellular respiration and dispose of CO2

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2
Q

what are the 4 processes of respiration?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out of lungs
  2. external respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
  3. transport: O2 and CO2 in blood
  4. internal respiration: exchange O2 and CO2 between blood vessels and tissues
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3
Q

what are the major organs of the respiratory system?

A
  • nose and nasal cavity
  • paranasal sinuses
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi and branches
  • lungs and alveoli
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4
Q

the upper respiratory system

A

nose, only external part of the system

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5
Q

functions of the upper respiratory system

A
  • airway for respiration
  • moisten and warms
  • filters and cleans air
  • chamber for speech
  • olfactory receptors
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6
Q

nasal cavity characteristics

A
  • nasal septum (R and L)
  • posterior nasal apertures
  • nasal vestibule: vibrissae hairs
  • cells sweep contaminated mucus towards throat
  • sensory nerve endings, sneeze
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7
Q

mucous membranes of the nasal cavity

A
  • olfactory mucousa- olfactory epithelium

- respiratory mucousa- pseudo. ciliated columnar epidural. and goblet cells

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8
Q

nasal conchae

A
  • nasal meatus
  • increase mucous area
  • air turbulence
  • filter heat and moisten
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9
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

-ring around nose, different bones

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10
Q

functions of paranasal sinuses

A
  • lighten skull
  • secrete mucus
  • warm and moisten air
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11
Q

pharynx

A
  • throat

- connect nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus

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12
Q

what are the three regions of the pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx;
    - pharyngeal tonsils
    - pharyngotympanic tubes
  2. oropharynx
    - isthmus of fauces
    - palatine and lingual
  3. laryngopharynx
    - voice box
    - either esophagus or trachea
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13
Q

what is included in the lower respiratory system?

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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14
Q

what are the two zones of the lower respiratory system?

A
  1. conducting zone: cleanses, warms and humidifies air. terminal bronchiole is end
  2. respiratory zone: gas exchange, respiratory bronchioles is first
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15
Q

Larynx

A

opens to lasophatynx and continuous with trachea

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16
Q

functions of larynx

A
  1. patent (open) airway
  2. routes air and food
  3. voice production
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17
Q

vocal ligaments

A
  • true vocal chords
  • vibrate
  • elastic and white
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18
Q

glottis

A

opening between vocal chords

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19
Q

vestibular folds

A
  • false vocal chords
  • no sounds
  • close opening when swallowing
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20
Q

trachea

A

windpipe
larynx to mediastinum
-divide into 2 main bronchi

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21
Q

what are the three layers of the trachea?

A
  1. mucosa- copse and goblet
  2. submucosa- mucus, C cartilage
  3. adventitia- connective tissue
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22
Q

trachealis

A

contract when coughing to expel mucus

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23
Q

carina

A

sensitive, when hit it causes violent coughing

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24
Q

bronchial tree

A

23 orders of branching

conducting zone to respiratory zone

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25
Q

structure of conducting zone

A
  • lobar bronchus supplies to one lobe
  • bronchioles: very small
  • terminal bronchioles- smallest
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26
Q

changes of bronchi to bronchioles

A
  1. supporting structure changes
  2. epithelium type changes
  3. smooth muscle increases
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27
Q

respiratory zone structures

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveolar sacs
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28
Q

respiratory membrane

A
  • blood air barrier
  • alveolar and capillary walls
  • fused basements membranes
  • very thin for simple diffusion
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29
Q

what are the 4 things alveolar walls consist of?

A
  1. type I alveolar cells- SSE, flat
  2. type II alveolar cells- S cuboidal
    - surfactant: hydrogen bonding
    - antimicrobial proteins
  3. alveolar pores- connect each alveoli
  4. alveolar macrophages- eat derbis on lungs
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30
Q

anatomy of the lungs

A
  • each has artery, vein and bronchus
  • lobules- made of alveoli
  • stromata- elastic tissue that connect to make stretchy
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31
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • right ventricle to pulm. arteries, then capillaries
  • low pressure
  • ACE
  • exchange O2 and CO2 in blood
32
Q

bronchial circulation

A
  • systemic
  • LV to RA
  • high pressure
33
Q

pleurae

A

thin, double layered that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum

34
Q

what are the three parts of the pleurae

A
  1. parietal pleura- thoracic wall
  2. visceral pleura- lines lung
  3. pleural fluid- lubricating
35
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of pleurae, causing friction

  • excessive fluid
  • blood and filtrate to pleural effusion
36
Q

two phases of pulmonary ventilation

A
  1. inspiration

2. expiration

37
Q

atmospheric pressure Patm

A
  • pressure exerted by air surrounding the body

- 760 mmHg as sea = 1 atm

38
Q

intrapleural pressure Pip

A
  • in pleural cavity
  • changes with breathing
  • always negative pressure
  • if fluid accumulates lung can collapse
39
Q

two inward forces that promote lung collapse

A
  • lungs natural tendency to recoil, elastic

- surface tension of alveolar fluid

40
Q

one outward force that enlarge lungs

A

-elasticity of chest wall pulls thorax outwards

41
Q

intrapulmonary pressure Ppul

A

pressure in the alveoli

42
Q

transpulmonary pressure (Ppul - Pip)

A

pressure that keeps lungs open
the greater, the bigger the lungs
-want Pip to be neg to inflate lungs

43
Q

the lungs will collapse if?

A

Pip > Ppul

Pip < Patm

44
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A
  • inspiration and expiration

- lead to pressure changes

45
Q

Boyles law

A
  • Breathing
  • pressure and volume of gas
  • P 1/V
  • P1V1 = P2V2
46
Q

airway resistance

A

relationship between flow, pressure and resistance

F= change in P/ R

47
Q

resistance in respiratory tree is insignificant because?

A
  1. diameter of airways are big

2. progressing branches of airways gets smaller and increases total cross sectional area

48
Q

lung compliance

A

-strechey
-measure of change in lung volume
Cl = change in Vl/ change in (Ppul - Pip)

49
Q

lung compliance is normally high because

A
  • distensibility of lung tissue

- surfactant, which decreases alveolar surface tension

50
Q

lung compliance can be diminished by?

A
  • nonelastic scar tissue replacing lung tissue
  • reduced production of surfactant
  • decreased flexibility of thoracic cage
51
Q

assessing ventilation

A
  • volume can calculate capacities

- spirometer

52
Q

inspiratory cavity

A

TV and IRV

what you can inhale

53
Q

functional residual capacity

A

RV and ERV

what you can exhale, and is leftover

54
Q

vital capacity

A

TV, IRV and ERV

everything that can be inhaled and exhaled

55
Q

total lung capacity

A

all lung volumes

56
Q

obstructive pulmonary disease

A

increased airways resistance
TLC, FRC, RV
hyper inflate lungs

57
Q

restrictive disease

A

reduced FRC, RV and TLC
cant expand
caused by damaged lung

58
Q

forced expiratory volume (FEV)

A

amount of exhaled air during a forced breath

  • 1, 2 and 3
  • 1 is most used, 80% is healthy
59
Q

emphysema

A

degeneration of alveolar walls, reducing surface area for gas exchange
-caused by pollutant inhalation

60
Q

asthma

A

swelling of airways

61
Q

gas exchange

A
  • external vs. internal respiration
    1. basic properties of gasses
  • daltons law- parietal pressure
  • henry’s law- solubility
    2. composition of alveolar gas
62
Q

Daltons law

A
  • total pressure exerted
  • total Patm is 760
  • nitrogen 78.6%
  • oxygen 20.9%
63
Q

high altitude symptoms

A
  • headaches
  • shortness of breath
  • nausea
  • dizziness
64
Q

Henry’s law

A

-gas in contact with liquid: each gas will dissolve in the liquid proportion to its partial pressure
depends on:
-solubility
-temperature
-partial pressure of the gases, the determining factor

65
Q

decompression sickness

A
  • buildup of nitrogen in blood
  • joint pain, rash, fatigue, paralysis, death
  • controlled ascent, decompression chamber, altered gasses
66
Q

composition of alveolar gas

A

-alveoli contain more CO2 and water vapor that atmospheric

67
Q

external respiration

A
  • exchange of O2 and CO2 across membranes
  • partial pressure and gas solubilities
  • thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane
68
Q

external respiration

A
  • venous blood Po2= 40 mmHg

- alveolar Po2 = 104 mm Hg

69
Q

oxygen transport

A
  • 1.5 % in plasma

- 98.5 in hemoglobin

70
Q

oxygen loading and unloading

A
  1. fully saturated- 104 mm Hg
  2. arterial blood- 98%, 100 mm Hg
  3. venous blood- 75%, 40 mm Hg
71
Q

Bohr effect

A

hemoglobin oxygen binding affinity is inversely proportional to acidity and CO2

72
Q

CO2 is transported in three forms?

A
  1. 7-10% dissolved in plasma as Pco2
  2. 20% of CO2 as carbaminohemoglobin
  3. 70% as bicarbonate ions
73
Q

Haldane effect

A

I give away oxygen and take up CO2

74
Q

Hyperventilation

A
  • short rapid breaths

- decrease blood CO2 that leads to hypocapnia

75
Q

influence of Pco2

A

most potent and closely controlled

-driving force to breathe

76
Q

pulmonary irritant reflexes

A

protects from stretching too much

A&P 2 lecture (12 decks)

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