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Psychology > Unit 3 Environmental: Core and Additional Studies > Flashcards

Unit 3 Environmental: Core and Additional Studies Flashcards

1
Q

What was the aim of Black and Blacks study?

A

To investigate the impact of aircraft noise on community health and wellbeing.

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2
Q

What was the sample used in Black and Blacks study?

A

Experimental group= suburbs around flight path of Sydney Airport

Control group= matched on socioeconomic status to experimental group.

750 surveys sent back.

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3
Q

What was the procedure of Black and Blacks study?

A

Cover letter to participants, but not disclosing the aircraft noise part.

26 noise stations around random houses in experimental area. 3 for control houses.

Data collected through questionnaire measuring factors such as health-related quality of life, noise stress and noise annoyance.

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4
Q

What were the results of Black and Blacks study?

A

Noise exposure group more sharply annoyed by aircraft noise and had a worse health status than controls, especially in mental health.

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5
Q

What was Glass and Singers study?

A

How noise can cause stress when doing simple cognitive tasks.

IVs: volume, predictability, perceived control.

Less control= more stress!

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6
Q

What was Lundbergs study?

A

On the train, high density group had more adrenaline (stress) in urine than low density group.

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7
Q

What was Kendrick and MacFarlanes study?

A

Stopped at traffic light. How long would it take people to horn in 31-46

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8
Q

What was Ellis’ Rational Emotive Therapy?

A

Challenging irrational beliefs which can hinder the chances of success and happiness.

Activating event, belief, consequence, dispute, effect.

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9
Q

What was the aim of Czeislers study?

A

To investigate the effect of applying the human circadian cycle to the design of a work schedule, considering shift rotation and the intervals between these rotations.

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10
Q

What was the sample used in Czeislers study?

A

153 workers from Potash factory.

Phase advance system was used every 7 days.

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11
Q

What was the procedure used in Czeislers study?

A

85 on rotating shifts (33 every 7 days and 52 every 21 days), and 66 on fixed shifts.

9 months later staff turnover and productivity were analysed, was well as the attitudes of the workers.

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12
Q

What were the results from Czeislers study?

A

Workers preferred new phase delay system > old phase advance system.
21 days > 7 days.
21 days had better health index.

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13
Q

What was the conclusion of Czeislers study?

A

The 21 day phase delay rotation system is most compatible with the properties of the human circadian system.

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14
Q

What was Siffres study?

A

Spent 2 months in cave only eating and sleeping when body told him to.

24.5 hour circadian rhythm.

10 mins of activity= 1 minutes of REM sleep.

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15
Q

What was Precket et al.’s study?

A

Questionnaire determines chronotype (lark or owl) of student. Done by student and parent.

Eveningness significant negative predictor in low GPA in language, maths and science.

Institution favours larks.

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16
Q

What are melatonin supplements?

A

Used to treat sleeping disorders by adding hormone to body which would normally be released by pineal gland (which controls circadian rhythm) to tell the body to go to sleep.

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17
Q

What is light box treatment?

A

Mimics outdoor light and treats people with Seasonal Affective Disorder, by sending light to pineal gland to prevent the production of melatonin.

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18
Q

What was the aim of Lords study?

A

Investigate strategic approaches in increasing the compliance of participation in community recycling programmes.

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19
Q

What was the sample used in Lords study?

A

140 households in USA ages 19-65

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20
Q

What was the procedure used in Lords study?

A

First day- check bin content.
Second day- give message without being seen (either pos or neg and either from advertisement, newspaper article, or personal letter from acquaintance).

Week later- check bins again.
Day later- p’s contacted and given questionnaire about their attitude towards recycling and the message.

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21
Q

What were the results of Lords study?

A

Experimental group recycled significantly more.

Personal positive most effective. Personal negative similar to control group.

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22
Q

What were the conclusions of Lords study.

A

Personal messages, and positive messages are most effective when trying to motivate people to participate in community recycling programmes

/ customers prefer positively framed messages.

23
Q

What is the Yale Model of Persuasion?

A

People are more likely to be persuaded in the source is credible, and informal setting. More educated people are more likely persuaded by two sided argument and vice versa.

24
Q

What was the positive reinforcement in action in Oregon?

A

‘Bottle bill’- gave $0.05 back for bringing back bottles/cans.

Recycling increased from 20% to 90%.

25
Q

What was Luyben and Baileys study?

A

In four mobile parks, increase in recycling bins led to 52% increase in recycling of newspapers.

26
Q

What was Cialdinis study on social norms?

A

260 after hotel check either asked to
1. commit to be environmentally friendly during stay
OR
2. do specific commitment like reuse towels

Some were given ‘Friend of the World’ badge.

Specific commitment + badge = 20% more likely to do it..

27
Q

What was the aim of Drews and Doig’s study?

A

Develop the Configural Vital Sign (CVS) display in order to help nurses in intensive care units.

28
Q

What was the sample used in Drews and Doig’s study?

A

42 nurses with at least 1 years experience.
69% female.
Ages 25-64

29
Q

What was the procedure of Drews and Doig’s study?

A

4 patient scenarios: early sepsis, septic shock, pulmonary embolus, stable scenario. Nurse given info on medication and history, and then 5 minute son each.

Half of nurses used CVS display and half used tradition ICV.

Current State Object (CSO) showed how stable the patient was, with the colour representeing the % of oxygen in their blood.

Measured time taken and accuracy.

30
Q

What were the findings of Drews and Doig’s study?

A

CVS 48% quicker in septic shock scenario.
CVS 1/3 more accurate in septic shock and pulmonary embolus.
CVS less mentally demanding for nurses.

31
Q

What was the conclusion of Drews and Doig’s study?

A

Graphic data as opposed to numerical data can aid nurses to diagnose patients more quickly and accurately.

32
Q

What was Brown and Poultons study?

A

How number of inputs can affect a secondary task.
Car park or residential area.
What numbers jump sequence?
Sig. more mistakes in the car park.

33
Q

What was Millers theory about chunking?

A

If you chunk info together into meaningful units, the 7 remembered materials can be larger.

34
Q

What were the Hawthorne studies?

A

How does level lighting affect productivity?
Varied lighting and fixed lighting.
Productivity increased in both as they were being watched.

35
Q

What was the LED lights study?

A

24 from military camp did cognitive tasks and self report on mood in either fluorescent yellow lighting or LED white lighting
Cooler lighting= faster reaction and lower depression scores.

36
Q

What was the aim of Ulrichs study?

A

To investigate how the view of a hospital room can affect the patient staying in that room.

37
Q

What was the sample of Ulrichs study?

A

46 patients from Pennsylvania hospital from gall bladder surgery, 20-69.

38
Q

What was the procedure of Ulrichs study?

A

23 pairs matched on gender, age and marital status.
Either given brick or tree view.
Nurses blind to experiment and took notes on side effects, doses for anxiety, emotions.

39
Q

What were the findings of Ulrichs study?

A

Brick view avg. of 8 day stay while tree view avg. 7 day stay.

When patients had a brick view, more negative notes.

40
Q

What was the conclusion of Ulrichs study?

A

Trees can have a THERAPEUTIC EFFECT on physical health and mental wellbeing.

41
Q

What was Pruiett Igoe and Newman?

A

Housing unit for 12k people- went to shit.
Landings shared by 12 families were really bad.
Newman devised the concept of Defensible Space, which was lacking at the Pruiett Igoe

42
Q

What was White et al.’s study?

A

Those living in green spaces had higher life satisfaction.

Sample was over 10,000 people!

43
Q

What was Cohen et al.’s study?

A

How does noise affect reading ability.
54 children in New York apartments (quasi).
Auditory discrimination test (attention to sound) and reading ability tested by annual school tests.
Correlation co-efficient between floor level and word knowledge= (+0.55)

44
Q

What was Armitages study?

A

Greater Manchester.
Crime least likely to occur in a curvy cul-de-sac with no footpaths.
Footpaths must be wide, well-lit, and not next to property.

45
Q

What was the aim of Wells study?

A

To investigate how personalisation of desks affects the wellbeing of workers. Also do investigate if men and women personalise differently.

46
Q

What was the sample of Wells study?

A

338 office workers in Orange County California (but had sent out 661 surveys) across 20 companies. 5 companies did case studies.

47
Q

What was the procedure of Wells study?

A

Survey had 7 sections (i.e.) Personalisation of desk, wellbeing, and job satisfaction.

Case studies were recorded.

48
Q

What were the findings of Wells study?

A

Women personalise more, and more sentimental things than men, who personalise with awards and achievements. But no difference in importance.

Personalisation= more job satisfaction, and less staff turnover.

49
Q

What was the conclusion of Wells study?

A

Personalisation can be effective in enhancing employee wellbeing in the workplace.

50
Q

What was Middlemists study?

A

Mens urinals. Moderate distance, close distance, and control conditions.
The closer they are, the longer it takes to start urinating.
Invasion of space can have physiological consequence.

51
Q

What was Smiths study?

A

Territory on beaches. West Germans, Americans and French.

West Germans and males >

52
Q

What was ‘Hall’s zones of personal space’?

A

intimate, personal, social, public

53
Q

What was Sommer and Ross’ study?

A

Rearranged seating in Canadian hospital from sociofugal to sociopetal.
it combated the depressing effects of a waiting room.

Psychology (6 decks)

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