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Anatomy > Unit 3 The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Unit 3 The Integumentary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Major organs of the integumentary system

A

Skin
Hair
Sweat Glands
Nails

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2
Q

Functions of integumentary system

A

• First line of defense against environmental hazards
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Provides sensory information
• It supports the removal of wastes (as sweat).
• It aids in the production of vitamin D

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3
Q

Tegumentum meaning

A

Cover

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4
Q

Accessory structures

A

Hair
Nails
Glands

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5
Q

Surface and weight of skin

A

5kg
2m2
Largest organ

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6
Q

pH of skin

A

5.5

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7
Q

Where is there hair in the skin

A

Everywhere except palmar and plantar region

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8
Q

Type of tissue epidermis

A

Epithelial

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9
Q

Type of tissue dermis

A

Connective tissue

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10
Q

Hypodermis also called

A

Subcutaneous tissue

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11
Q

Tissue in hypodermis

A

Adipose and areolar connective tissue

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12
Q

Function hypodermis

A

Energy storage and physical protection

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13
Q

Layers of the epidermis from top to bottom

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum or malpighian stratum
Stratum basale

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14
Q

Characteristics of epidermis

A

•Avascular.
•Nervous sensory ends.
•4 types of tightly bound cells.
•5 distinct strata (layers) of cells.

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15
Q

Cells in epidermis

A

Keratinocytes 90%
Melanocytes 8%
Langerhans cells3%
Merkel cells

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16
Q

Keratinocytes location function

A

Arranged in 5 layers at different
developmental stages: continuous renewal.
- They produce keratin: fibrous
protein/protection (abrasion,
heat, microbes)
- They produced lamellar granules (water repellent)

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17
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce melanin (granules)
Color and protection (UV absorption)

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18
Q

Location melanocytes

A

Stratum basale

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19
Q

Melanin

A

Melanin granules form a protective veil over the nucleus of keratinocytes, on the side toward the skin surface. They shield the nuclear DNA from damage by UV light.

Melanin granules = MELANOSOMES. Transferred to keratinocytes by means of a secretion process from the “dendrite like” extensions of melanocytes.

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20
Q

Location and function langerhans cells

A

In strata with living cells
Most abundant in the spinosum
Antigen presenting cells

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21
Q

Langerhans cells type of cell and origin

A

Epidermal dendritic cells
Derive from bone marrow

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22
Q

Function Langerhans cells

A

Immune response : antigen presenting cells

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23
Q

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

A

proliferation and accumulation of abnormal and clonal Langerhans cells
or their marrow precursors, resulting in localized, solitary or multiple
destructive lesions found in craniofacial bone structures such as the skull and mandible

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24
Q

Merkel discs are

A

Nerve terminals

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25
Merkel cells location and function
- Located in the stratum basale, on the Merkel discs, associated with sensory neurons. - Function: tactile sensations.
26
Stratum basale Where, shape of cells, what cells are present, function, how many layers
Deepest layer of epidermis, on top of basement membrane. Monolayer of cuboidal cells. Keratinocytes: present a cytoskeleton of tonofilaments (precursors of keratin). Intercalated Merkel cells, Langerhans cells and melanocytes.
27
Function stratum basale and medical implication of one of the functions
Germinative, proliferation : generation of all cells of the epidermis attachment of the epidermis to the dermis. Skin grafts require healthy stratum basale
28
Stratum spinosum or malpighian’s stratum
•8 to 10 layers of keratinocytes (mechanical strength). > In histological preparations, cells shrink and appear spiny (where attached to other cells by desmosomes). In live skin they are rounded and big. > Langerhans cells and cellular projections from melanocytes (melanin captured by keratinocytes).
29
Function stratum spinosum
Provide strength and flexibility
30
Stratum granulosum Number of layers Cells description
3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes. Keratinocytes contain lamellar granules and dark keratohyalin granules In the top layers the cells degenerate and die
31
Lamellar granules
Secretory organelles with lipids that repel water
32
Keratohyalin
protein that assembles tonofilaments into keratin
33
Function stratum granulosum
Prevents water loss Physical barrier to microorganisms
34
Stratum lucidum Number of layers Cells description
•3 to 5 layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes (without nucleus). • Present only in thick skin : palms of the hands and soles of the feet. •Cells contain large amounts of keratin.
35
Function stratum lucidum
Protection
36
Function and description stratum corneum
• 25 to 30 layers of flat dead keratinocytes filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids. –continuous shedding. • Barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals & bacteria •Lamellar granules in this layer make it water-repellent.
37
Thin skin
Stratum corneum. Stratum granulosum. Stratum spinosum or Malpighi's. Stratum basale or germinative.
38
Thick skin
Stratum lucidum is added
39
Growth of skin cells
constant cell division from stratum basale.
40
Keratinization process + how long does it take
replacement of keratinocytes intracellular content by keratin during their migration towards the surface. Scaling and replacement occurs in a two to three week period time.
41
What type of tissue is dermis
Connective tissue
42
Cells of dermis
fibroblasts, macrophages and adipose cells.
43
Extracellular matrix of dermis
Collagen: resistance. Elastic fibers: flexibility.
44
What structures contain dermis
Blood vessels (deep & superficial) Hair follicles. Sebaceous glands, sweat glands. Nerve endings
45
Function dermis
structural immunological mechanical protection homeostasis control (thermoregulation, water retention)
46
Types of sensory receptors
Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Nociceptors Propioceptors
47
Mechanoreceptors
Pressure Vibrations Texture
48
Nociceptors
Pain
49
Propioceptors
Receptors of positiona
50
Two regions in dermis
Papillary layer Reticular layer
51
Papillary region tissue and fibers
Areolar connective tissue Thin collagen and fine elastic fibers
52
Papillary region represents …% of the dermis + location
20 Closer to epidermis
53
Papillary region contains
Pilous follicles (scarce). Sebaceous and sweat glands (ducts). Free nerve endings (pain, warmth, coolness, tickling, itching). Fine touch receptors.
54
Dermal papillae
>Increase contact surface between dermis and epidermis (stratum basale). >Interdigitations into the epidermis form epidermal ridges. >Contains capillaries: nutrition of the epidermis. >Contains corpuscular receptors (mechanoreceptors: Meissner corpuscles) and free nerve endings (pain, burn, itching).
55
Upper part of dermal papillary
Dermal papillae
56
Reticular region Compo
Dense irregular connective tissue •Thick collagen fibers (resistance) and elastic fibers (elasticity) •Sweat and oil glands, pilous follicles, Pacinian corpuscles, adipocytes and fibroblasts.
57
Function reticular region
Resistance Extensibility Elasticity
58
Origin of accessory structures of the skin
Embryonic epidermis
59
Functions of accessory structures of the skin
Hair nails : protection Glands : thermoregulation, protection
60
Layers of hair
Medulla (with pigment granules) Cortex Cuticle (heavily keratinized)
61
Three parts of hair
Shaft Root Hair follicle
62
Shaft
Visible
63
Root
Within dermis-hypodermis
64
Hair follicle
Surrounds the root Epithelial + dermal root sheath
65
Function of hair
Protection and sensorial
66
Root hair plexus
Each hair plexus forms a network around a hair follicle and is a receptor
67
Hair matrix
Germinal layer of cells from stratum basale
68
Papilla of hair, tissue
Areolar connective tissue
69
Arrector pili muscle
Smooth muscle that attaches to the base of a hair follicle at one end and to dermal tissue on the other end that contracts with cold or fear. "goosebumps"
70
Dermal root sheath
contains progenitor cells that maintain and regenerate the dermal papilla, a key component for hair growth.
71
Sebaceous glands type of glands
Simple branched acinar glands
72
Sebaceous glands characteristics
> Holocrine glands that produce sebum onto the epidermal surface > They open to the hair follicle or directly to the skin > Secretory portion of the gland in the dermis > Absent in the palms and soles.
73
Composition of sebum
Triglycerides Cholesterol Proteins Salts
74
Function sebaceous glands
Protection (avoids skin and hair dehydration) Makes hair and skin smooth Inhibits bacterial and fungal growth
75
Two types of sweat glands
Eccrine or Merocrine Apocrine
76
Eccrine/ Merocrine type of glands
Simple coiled tubular glands
77
Eccrine glands characteristics
> Excretory conduct releases sweat on the surface of epidermis. > Start working soon after birth. > Present through all body surfaces, except lips, auditory conduct, glans.
78
Sweat contains
Water, salts, uric acid, urea, ammonia
79
Functions of eccrine glands
Thermoregulation (insensible perspiration-sensible perspiration) Excretion of urea, uric acid and ammonia
80
Perspiration
Process of sweating
81
Difference insensible and sensible perspiration
Sensible perspiration can occur when both solute and solvents are lost from the body in the form of sweat Insensible only solvent
82
Apocrine type of glands
Simple coiled tubular glands
83
Apocrine glands
> Merocrine secretion >Conduct excretes to the hair follicle. >Secrete oily substances containing lipids, proteins, and steroids. Secretion starts in puberty.
84
Apocrine glands found in
>Found in armpit, groin, breast areola, pigmented skin around the anus, bearded regions in male face.
85
Functions of apocrine glands
Emotional sweating and sweat during sexual activities No thermoregulatory role
86
Mammary glands
Compound tubular acinar glands Secretion regulated by hormones
87
Ceruminous glands
Modified sweat glands that produce a waxy secretion called cerumen. Found in the external auditory meatus Barrier against the entrance of foreign substances
88
Functions of skin
Physical and chemical protection Homeostasis
89
How does skin play a role in Homeostasis
Thermoregulation Blood reservoir Provides sensoria information Secretion-excretion Synthesis of vitamin D
90
Physical protection
Against wind, dehydration, UV, trauma Thanks to melanin, lipids, keratin, GAGs
91
Chemical protection
Against detergents, cosmetics Thanks to the structure
92
Biological barrier
Against microorganisms Due to intercellular junction, Langerhans cells
93
Thermoregulation moderate exercise
Vasodilation (↗️ blood flow in the surface, ↘️temperature)
94
Thermoregulation extreme exercise
blood is conducted to the muscles and body temperature increases
95
Vasoconstrictor
ATP, anti-histaminic, angiostensin Il
96
Vasodilators
Heparin, adenosine, NO, histamin, bradykinin, chatecholamine, norinephrine
97
Blood reservoir
Extensive network of blood vessels
98
Excretion
400 mL of water/day, small amounts of salt, CO2, ammonia, and urea
99
Synthesis of vitamin D
UV light: activation of vitamin D precursor molecules in skin Hepatic and renal enzymes modify the activated molecule to produce calcitriol (most active form of vitamin D) Function: It favors calcium absorption
100
Cover/skin
Tegumentum
101
Other word for spinosum

Anatomy (7 decks)

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