Unit 3 Vocab Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Classical Conditioning
A
the association of two stimuli
2
Q
Stimulus
A
anything in the environment that warrants a response
3
Q
Acquisition
A
stimuli is first established
4
Q
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
A
initial stimulus
5
Q
Unconditioned Response (UR)
A
naturally occurring response
6
Q
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A
NS that creates a learned response
7
Q
Conditioned Response (CR)
A
learned response
8
Q
Extinction
A
Conditioned response diminishes with no Unconditioned Stimulus
9
Q
Spontaneous Recovery
A
REapperance of an extinguished response
10
Q
Stimulus Discrimination
A
distinguished difference between stimuli
11
Q
Stimulus Generalization
A
similar conditioned stimuli will elicit a reesponse
12
Q
Higher-order conditioning
A
a new NS becomes a new CS when associated with previous Conditions Stimulus
13
Q
Little Albert Study
A
Little Albert feared a rabbit because it was associated with a gunshot
14
Q
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)
A
An emotional response to a stimulus through classical conditioning
15
Q
Taste aversion
A
We avoid foods that make us sick
16
Q
Biological Preparedness
A
predisposition to learn paired responses more quickly
17
Q
Habituation
A
decrease in response over time
18
Q
Operant Conditioning
A
learning based on consequences
19
Q
Law of Effect
A
desirable effects are repeated, undesirable results are not
20
Q
Reinforcement
A
increases behavior
21
Q
Punishment
A
decreases behavior
22
Q
Consequences
A
the outcome of a behavior
23
Q
Positive reinforcement
A
additive to increase behavior
24
Q
Negative renforcement
A
subtractive to increase behavior
25
Positive punishment
additive to decrease behavior
26
Negative punishment
Subtractive to decrease behavior
27
Shaping
reinforces steps for desired behavior
28
Instinctive drift
animal will revert to its instincts even when trained otherwise
29
Superstitious behavior
*Lucky Pencil* Illogical superstition
30
Learned helplessness
feel as if they have no control of repeated adversity events
31
Continuous reinforcement
reinforcement everytime
32
Partial reinforcement
reinforcement some of the time
33
Fixed ratio
predetermined gap of events before reinforcement
34
Variable ratio
unpredictable gap of events before reinforcement *Most effective*
35
Variable interval
unpredictable time before reinforcement
36
Fixed interval
predetermined time before reinforcement
37
Scalloped graph
cumulative number of responses versus time
38
Social learning theory
observational learning/mimicing
39
Modeling
observation and imitation (bobo the clown)
40
Vicarious conditioning
learning from others consequences
41
Bobo the Clown Doll experiment
Aggressive model = Aggressive child
42
Insight learning
aha moment
43
Latent Learning
learning later in life
44
Cognitive maps
birdseye view of an area
45
Developmental psychology
study of how humans grown and change
46
longitudinal studies
same group studied periodically over a long amount of time
47
Cross-section studies
data collected at a single point in time
48
Teratogens
anything that can affect prenatal development
49
Rooting reflex
turn head toward stimuli on cheek
50
Sucking reflex
suck anything that touches the mouth
51
Babinski reflex
big toe up, other toes out
52
Grasping reflex
close their hand around an object
53
Moro reflex
arms and legs extend when loss of physical support/falling
54
Visual cliff
depth perception
55
Grosss motor skills
large body movements (arms/legs)
56
Fine motor skills
small body movements (fingers)
57
Critical/Sensitive periods
the window during development where stimuli are best received
58
Imprinting
Animals form strong attachments onto first moving object
59
Puberty
Adolescents reach sexual maturity through hormone changes
60
Primary sex characteristics
reproductive organs (testes and ovaries)
61
Secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive features (breasts, lips, facial hair, voice)
62
Menarche
Female- menstrual cycle (12 years)
63
Spermarche
Male- ejaculation (14 years)
64
Menopause
End of the ability to reproduce in females
65
Jean Piaget
Theory of cognitive development
66
Assimilation
using existing schema for new situations
67
Accomodation
Changing the existing schema to fit the new situation
68
Schemas
organized mental pattern for problem solving
69
Piaget's Cognitive Theory of Development
Four distinct stages with designated ages
70
Sensorimotor Stage
0-2, object permanence, stranger anxiety, Object permanence
71
Object permanence
out of sight, out of mind (Sensorimotor)
72
Pre-operational stage
2-7, egocentric, animism, pretend play
73
Pretend play
imagination to create fictional scenarios (pre-operational)
74
Animism
inanimate objects have personality and feelings (pre-operational)
75
Egocentrism
You are the center of the world *volcano* (pre-operational)
76
Concrete operational stage
7-11, conservation, reversibility
77
Conservation
object changes shape but mass stays the same (Concrete operational)
78
Reversibility
* 2+3=5 so 3+2=5 * (Concrete operational)
79
Formal operational stage
11+, hypothetical situations, abstract thought
80
Abstract thinking
bend the rules (formal operational)
81
Hypothetical thinking
Zombie apocalypse (formal operational)
82
Lev Vygotsky
Social development theory, work with others to develop
83
Scaffolding
process of supporting a child's learning through the appropriate adjustment of problem-solving
84
Zone of proximal development
range of tasks that a child can not master alone
85
Crystallized intelligence
vocab, knowledge, skills- remain stable
86
Fluid intelligence
logic, critical thinking, problem solving- slows down
87
Dementia
cognative decline that affects memory
88
Phonemes
small sounds
89
Morphemes
meaning
90
Semantics
words acquire meaning
91
Grammar
rules of language
92
Syntax
rules of sentence structure
93
Stages of Language Development
Cooing, babling, one word, telegraphic speechOv
94
Overgeneralization
grammer mistakes
95
Ecological Systems Theory
family, culture, relationships
96
Microsystem
immediate environment and family
97
Mesosystem
interactions between mircosystems
98
Exosystem
The external environment that indirectly affects development
99
Macrosystem
societal and cultural (COVID)
100
Chronosystem
where chronologically
101
Authoritarian parenting style
strict, military, their way or the highway
102
Authoritative parenting style
rules with explanation, high self-esteem
103
Permisssive parenting style
friendly, few rules, immature
104
Secure attachment
Show temporary distress, comfort when return
105
Insecure attachment
avoidant, anxious, disorganized
106
Avoidant attachment
avoid caregiver, no eye contact
107
Anxious attachment
can't calm down
108
Disorganized attachment
inconsistant coping
109
Temperment
(emotional intensity) is related to attachment
110
Seperation anxiety
distress when primary caregiver is seperated
111
Harlow's Rhesus Mondkeys Experiment
comfort or food (they chose comfort)
112
Parallel play
mimick behavior, still engaged with own activity
113
Pretend play
fantasy and make-believe
114
Imaginary audience
others are focusing on you (hole in shirt)
115
Personal fable
Unique, you are special
116
Social clock
timetable of major life events
117
Psychosocial stages of Development
Erik Eriksons theory, eight stages
118
Trust and mistrust
infants either trust or mistrust their caregiver
119
Autonomy and shame and doubt
Toddlers are encouraged or discouraged from independence
120
Initiative and guilt
Young children encourage or discouraged from exploration
121
Indistry and inferiority
child develops sense of accomplishment or inferieority
122
Intamacy and isolation
young adults form deep connections or isolate
123
Generativity and stagnation
adults have secure contributions or skip around
124
Integrity and despair
looking back on life
125
Adverse childhood experiences
Abuse, Neglect, Household dysfunction
126
Achievement
high exploration, high commitment
127
Diffusion
low exploration, low commitment
128
Foreclosure
low exploration, high commitment
129
Moratorium
high exploration, low commitment
