Unit 3A: Basics of Life Flashcards
1
Q
How are protons charged?
A
They are positively charged.
2
Q
How are neutrons charged?
A
They are not charged.
3
Q
How are electrons charged?
A
They are negatively charged.
4
Q
How much mass is a proton?
A
It is equal to 1 atomic mass unit (AMU).
5
Q
How much mass is a neutron?
A
It equals about 1 amu
6
Q
How much mass is an electron?
A
It is essentially no mass.
7
Q
What is an element?
A
It is a pure substance made up entirely of one type of atom.
8
Q
What is the smallest unit of matter?
A
An atom is the smallest unit of matter.
9
Q
What is atomic mass?
A
Protons + neutrons
10
Q
What is an atomic number?
A
Protons
11
Q
What are isotopes?
A
Same protons, different neutrons
12
Q
What do electrons fit into?
A
Electrons fit into shells.
13
Q
How many electrons does the first shell hold?
A
Two electrons
14
Q
How many electrons does the second shell hold?
A
Eight electrons
15
Q
How many electrons does the third shell and on hold?
A
Eight electrons
16
Q
What are the electrons in the outer shell known as?
A
Valance electrons
17
Q
What is an ion?
A
It is an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative charge.
18
Q
What is polarity?
A
Polar means it has an uneven distribution of electrons.
19
Q
How are the sides of a molecule charged in a polar molecule?
A
One side of the molecule is positively charged, the other side is negatively charged.
20
Q
How many protons and electrons does elemental hydrogen have?
A
It has one proton and one electron.
21
Q
What is cohesion?
A
Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules.
22
Q
What is adhesion?
A
Adhesion is the attraction between water molecules and other surfaces.
23
Q
What is surface tension?
A
Surface tension is the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules.
24
Q
What is capillary action?
A
It occurs when water moves upward against gravity through narrow spaces, like in plant roots or a thin tube.
25
What is density?
Density describes the way that the molecules of a substance are packed together.
26
What is the universal solvent?
Water is the solvent of life.
27
What is a solution?
A solution is a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances.
28
What is a solvent?
The dissolving agent, or water, is the solvent.
29
What is a solute?
The substance that is dissolved is the solute.
30
What is specific heat?
It measures how well a substance can store heat.
31
What are macromolecules?
They are carbon based organic molecules.
32
What is a hydroxyl group?
-OH
33
What is a carbonyl group?
C=O
34
What is a carboxyl group?
-COOH
35
What is an amino group?
-NH2
36
What is a phosphate group?
PO4
37
What is a methyl group?
-CH3
38
What are macromolecules made of?
Smaller molecules are organized into chains called polymers.
39
What are the building blocks of polymers called?
The building blocks of polymers are called monomers.
40
What is dehydration synthesis?
Hydrogen is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl is removed by the other.
41
What is hydrolysis?
When the water molecule comes in, the new oxygen inserts itself to break the bond. One hydrogen falls off and joins the other oxygen.
42
This macromolecule provides short term energy storage.
Carbohydrates
43
Which macromolecule makes up steroid hormones?
Lipids
44
A water strider can skate along the top of a pond because:
surface tension
45
Water is considered the universal solvent because it is really good at dissolving solutes. This is mainly due to what property?
Polarity
46
What property of water helps your body maintain homeostasis?
Specific heat
47
Cold water is denser than hot water because the molecules are:
Moving slower
48
Ice is less dense than water because the molecules are
Not moving
49
Which functional group is a combination of two other functional groups?
Carboxyl
50
In the process of digestion in your stomach, small and large intestine, what chemical reaction is occurring?
Hydrolysis
51
What property of water creates a link from the partial positive hydrogen atom of one molecule to the partial negative oxygen atom of another?
Hydrogen Bonding
52
What are the three names of the subatomic particles?
Neutrons, electrons, and protons
53
What does science call any thing that has mass and takes up space?
Matter
54
An atom is found with 11 protons. It has an atomic mass of 23. How many electrons does it have?
11
55
What is the overall charge of an atom?
Zero
56
An atom is found that has 15 protons and a mass number of 31. How many electrons does it have?
15
57
The number of protons and neutrons in an atom is the ______________. The average of all the isotopes' weight of an atom is the _____________.
Mass number; atomic mass
58
An atom is found with 6 protons and a mass number of 13. How many neutrons does it have?
7
59
Polar molecules have __________ charges - one end is positively charged and the other is negatively charged.
uneven
60
The positively charged hydrogen ends of water are attracted to the ____________ charged oxygen ends.
negatively
61
An IV solution contains water, salts, and other water-soluble molecules. In this example, the salts are the _______________. And the water is the ______________.
Solute; solvent
62
When water freezes, it becomes
Less dense
63
Most of the unique properties of water come from the fact that water moelcules
Are polar and form hydrogen bonds
64
A molecule with uneven charges is called what?
Polar
65
Adhesion is the tendency for water to bond to...
Other surfaces
66
Water forms what types of bonds with other water molecules?
Hydrogen bonds
67
When you break down a large molecule into smaller parts
Hydrolysis
68
A molecule that is a chain of many subunits
Polymer
69
Functional group that makes acid
Carboxyl
70
Molecule required to build or break bonds in polymers
Water
71
Macromolecules
Carbon based organic molecules
72
Functional groups
Groups of atoms on the molecule that serve specific functions
73
Short-term energy storage is most used by what category of macromolecule?
Carbohydrate
74
Lipids with single bonds are called what?
Saturated
75
Steroids and phospholipids are examples of what macromolecule?
Lipids
76
Glycogen and cellulose are examples of what macromolecule?
Carbohydrates
77
The creation of larger molecules comes from what process?
Dehydration synthesis
78
Which is more complex, a polypeptide or a dipeptide?
Polypeptide
79
What is a polypeptide?
A polymer (chain) of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
80
What is a dipeptide?
A peptide composed of two amino acid residues.
81
In the process of human, elephant, lion or other animal digestion, what would you assume is always used?
Water
82
Carbohydrate content is the highest in what types of food?
Plant material (hays, greens, oranges)
83
Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chain, which ultimately become proteins. What reaction takes place to form a peptide bonds?
Dehydration synthesis
84
Why may an animal have different dietary needs at different times of the year?
Hibernation requires storing additional kilocalories and mating, nesting, and hatching season requires more kilocalories
85
What type of macromolecule is glucose?
Monosaccharide
86
What type of macromolecule is cellulose?
Polysaccharide
87
What type of macromolecule is amylase?
Protein
88
What type of macromolecule is RNA?
Nucleic acid
89
What type of macromolecule is steroid?
Lipid
90
What type of macromolecule is fructose?
Monosaccharide
91
What type of macromolecule is DNA?
Nucleic acid
92
What type of macromolecule is starch?
Polysaccharide
93
What type of macromolecule is polypeptide?
Protein
94
What type of macromolecule is triglyceride?
Lipid
95
What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
96
Words that end in -ase are usually
enzymes
97
What are reactants?
Substances that are changed during a chemical reaction.
98
What do enzymes bind to?
Reactants
99
Do enzymes change in a reaction?
No.
100
What are catalysts?
Substances that speed up reactions without being permanently altered.
101
What are products?
Substances that are made by a chemical reaction.
102
What is an active site?
A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.
103
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
104
What are the three things that can denature an enzyme?
-When it is a different pH than normal for the enzyme
-When it is hotter than normal for an enzyme
-When there is an inhibitor that locks onto the enzyme
105
What are products?
The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.
106
What is denaturing?
A change in the shape of a protein
107
Which would be the enzyme that breaks down the starch amylose?
Amylase
108
Why are enzymes needed for life?
They speed up all the chemical reactions in living things.
109
What is an enzyme?
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing.
110
What is activation energy?
The energy needed to get a reaction going, the enzyme lowers this.
111
Enzymes are a type of which macromolecule?
Protein
112
What is a substrate?
A reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
113
What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?
That the shape is changed of the active site and it no longer works.
114
What is a structural form of the secondary level of protein folding?
Beta-pleated sheet
115
As soon as a protein is done being transcribed it has yet to fold into its other forms. What would this unfolded protein's structural level be?
Primary
116
How will a mutation in the DNA affect the protein an amino acid produces?
It could change the amino acid sequence and how it folds.
117
What determines the function of a protein?
Its shape
118
When a single protein folds and balls up in order to form its final structure, what structural level would it be at?
Tertiary
119
Sometimes proteins combine with other proteins to perform an even more complex function. What level of structure would such a complex be?
Quaternary
120
What does hydrophobic mean?
Water fearing
121
When a protein denatures, what happens to it?
It loses its shape and ability to perform its functions
122
An example of a protein
Antibody
123
If a protein is responsible for fighting off bacteria that enters the body, what would be the effect on the organism if it denatured?
The protein wouldn't be able to fight off infections and the person would get sick more often
124
What can cause a protein to denature?
Change in temperature
125
What does hydrophillic mean?
Water loving
126
Water molecules stick to other water molecules because
hydrogen atoms of one water bond to oxygen of another water molecule
127
You add sugar to unsweet tea. Which is the solute and solvent?
Sugar is the solute; unsweet tea is the solvent
128
What charge do polar molecules have?
An uneven charge
129
What reaction assembles polymers?
Dehydration synthesis
130
What reaction disassembles polymers?
Hydrolysis
131
If monosaccharide is the monomer, what is the polymer?
Carbohydrates
132
If glycerol and fatty acid is the monomer, what is the polymer?
Lipid
133
If amino acids are the monomer, what is the polyemer?
Protein
134
If nucleotide is the monomer, what is the polymer?
Nucleic acid
135
What are three functions of carbohydrates?
-Store short term energy
-Support plant cell walls
-Support fungi and bacteria cell walls
136
What are three functions of nucleic acids?
-Help form proteins
-Store energy
-Code for genes
137
What are three functions of proteins?
-Contraction/movement
-Transport
-Enzymes
138
A+B ---> C+Water
What type of reaction is this?
Dehydration synthesis
139
What are three true statements about lipids?
-Fats are a form of lipid that function to store energy
-Phospholipids are important components of cell membranes
-Cholesterol is a type of lipid that is a component of steroid hormones
140
What two classes of macromolecules does nitrogen belong to?
Nucleic acids and proteins
141
The macromolecule that makes up steroid hormones
Lipids
142
What is an example of a monosaccharide?
Glucose
143
What is an example of a disaccharide?
Sucrose
144
What is an example of a polysaccharide?
Chitin
145
What is an example of a fat?
triglyceride
146
What is an example of a steroid?
cholesterol
147
What is an example of a protein?
serotonin
148
What is an example of a enzyme?
catalase
149
What is an example of a nucleic acid?
RNA
