UNIT 4 (CH 6)

Question 1

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Answer 1

classical conditioning

Question 2

the view that psycholgoy (1)should be an objective science that (2)studies behavior without references to mental processes

Answer 2

behaviorism

Question 3

in CC, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the US

Answer 3

unconditioned response

Question 4

inCC, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response

Answer 4

unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

inCC, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Answer 5

conditioned response

Question 6

inCC, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a CR

Answer 6

conditioned stimulus

Question 7

the intial stage in CC when one links a stimulus and an US so that the NS begins triggering the CR. In OC, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Answer 7

acquisition

Question 8

a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neural stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) CS

Answer 8

higher-order conditioning

Question 9

the diminishing of a CR; occurs in CC when an US does not follow a CS; occurs in OC when a response is no longer reinforced

Answer 9

extinction

Question 10

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR

Answer 10

spontaneous recovery

Question 11

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Answer 11

respondent behavior

Question 12

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Answer 12

operant conditioning

Question 13

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Answer 13

operant behavior

Question 14

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Answer 14

law of effect

Question 15

in OC research, a chamber (Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Answer 15

operant chamber

Question 16

an OC procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Answer 16

shaping

Question 17

in OC, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

Answer 17

discriminative stimulus

Question 18

in OC, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Answer 18

reinforcer

Question 19

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. It is any stimulus, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Answer 19

positive reinforcement

Question 20

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as a shock. When removed after a response, strengthens the response

Answer 20

negative reinforcement

Question 21

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Answer 21

primary reinforcer

Question 22

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

Answer 22

conditioned reinforcer

Question 23

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Answer 23

continuous reinforcement schedule

Question 24

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response, but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Answer 24

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

Question 25

in OC, reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Answer 25

fixed-ratio schedule

Question 26

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Answer 26

punishment

Question 27

positive, constructive, helpful behavior - the opposite of antisocial behavior

Answer 27

prosocial behavior

Question 28

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

Answer 28

learning

Question 29

an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

Answer 29

habituation

Question 30

learning that certain events occur together

Answer 30

associative learning

Question 31

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimulus to the CS to elicit similar responses

Answer 31

generalization

Question 32

in CC, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US

Answer 32

discrimination

Question 33

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Answer 33

learned helplessness

Question 34

in OC, reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Answer 34

variable-ratio schedule

Question 35

in OC, reinforces a response at specific time intervals

Answer 35

fixed-interval schedule

Question 36

in OC, reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Answer 36

variable-interval schedule

Question 37

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Answer 37

cognitive maps

Question 38

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 38

latent learning

Question 39

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Answer 39

insight

Question 40

a desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Answer 40

intrinsic motivation

Question 41

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Answer 41

extrinsic motivation

Question 42

learning by observing others - social learning

Answer 42

observational learning

Question 43

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Answer 43

modeling

Question 44

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

Answer 44

mirror neurons

Question 45

any event or situation that evokes a response

Answer 45

Stimulus

Question 46

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Answer 46

cognitive learning

Question 47

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Answer 47

neutral stimulus

Question 48

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Answer 48

reinforcement

Question 49

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Answer 49

reinforcement schedule

Question 50

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

Answer 50

biofeedback

Question 51

a biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value

Answer 51

preparedness

Question 52

the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

Answer 52

instinctive drift

Question 53

attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Answer 53

problem-forced coping

Question 54

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

Answer 54

emotion-forced coping

Question 55

our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless

Answer 55

personal control

Question 56

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

Answer 56

external locus of control

Question 57

the perception that you control your own fate

Answer 57

internal locus of control

Question 58

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

Answer 58

self-control