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UNIT 7 (CH 8/10) Flashcards

(105 cards)

1
Q

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psycholgical needs become active

A

hierarchy of needs

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2
Q

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When levels are low we feel hunger

A

glucose

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3
Q

sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females that by males and contributing to female sex characteristics

A

estrogens

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4
Q

the most important of the male sex horomones - both males and females have it

A

testosterone

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5
Q

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex or the other sex

A

sexual orientation

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6
Q

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

A

motivation

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7
Q

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterened throughout a species and is unlearned

A

instinct

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8
Q

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

A

drive-reduction theory

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9
Q

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

A

homeostasis

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10
Q

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

A

incentive

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11
Q

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set

A

set point

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12
Q

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

A

basal metabolic rate

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13
Q

an eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feels fat, continues to starve - usually an adolescent female

A

anorexia nervosa

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14
Q

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

A

bulimia nervosa

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15
Q

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compnesatory puring, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

A

binge-eating disorder

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16
Q

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

A

sexual response cycle

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17
Q

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

A

refractory period

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18
Q

a response of the whole organism involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

A

emotion

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19
Q

our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

A

James-Lange theory

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20
Q

emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

A

Cannon-Bard theory

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21
Q

to experience emotion on must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arsousal

A

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

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22
Q

the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness

A

facial feedback

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23
Q

emotional release - “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

A

catharsis

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24
Q

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

A

behavioral medicine

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25
a subfield that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
health psychology
26
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
stress
27
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive responses to stress in 3 phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
28
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in North America
coronary heart disease
29
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
polygraph
30
people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
31
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life
well-being
32
our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neural level defined by our prior experience
adaptation-level phenomenon
33
the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves
relative deprivation
34
Friedman and Rosenman - competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type A
35
Friedman and Rosenman - easygoing, relaxed people
Type B
36
mind-body illness - any stress related physical illness
psychophysiological illness
37
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
38
the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system
lymphocytes
39
form in bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
B lymphocytes
40
form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
T lymphocytes
41
psycholoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
projection
42
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
rationalization
43
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
displacement
44
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimului designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
projective test
45
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
46
the most widely used projective test - seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Rorschach inkblot test
47
the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless
personal control
48
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate
external locus of control
49
the perception that you control your own fate
internal locus of control
50
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
spotlight effect
51
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
self-esteem
52
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
self-serving bias
53
giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather that group identifications
individualism
54
giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
collectivism
55
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
free association
56
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts ans actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
psychoanalysis
57
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
unconscious
58
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives - operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
id
59
the largely conscious - "executive" part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in way that well realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
ego
60
represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience)and for future aspirations
superego
61
childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
psychosexual stages
62
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Oedipus complex
63
the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos - Freud
identification
64
lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved - Freud
fixation
65
the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
defense mechanisms
66
the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
repression
67
defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
regression
68
defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
reaction formation
69
defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities
sublimation
70
defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities
denial
71
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
collective unconscious
72
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
terror-management theory
73
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potenial
self-actualization
74
according to Roger's, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
unconditional positive regard
75
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "Who am I?"
self-concept
76
a characteristics pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
trait
77
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to guage a wide range of feelings and behaviors
personality inventory
78
most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests
Minnesota Multiohasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
79
a test (MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
empirically derived test
80
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including thinking) and their social context
social-cognitive perspective
81
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
reciprocal determinism
82
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
positive psychology
83
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
self
84
a basic bodily requirement
physiological need
85
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Yerkes-Dodson Law
86
BMI of 30 or higher
obesity
87
having no sexual attraction to others
asexual
88
the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group
affiliation need
89
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
ostracism
90
excessive self-love and self-absorption
narcissism
91
a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of skills and idea, for control, and for attaining a high standard
achievement motivation
92
passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
grit
93
the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions
behavior feedback effect
94
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
tend-and-befriend response
95
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
aerobic exercise
96
a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner
mindfulness meditation
97
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
positive psychology
98
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.
subjective well-being
99
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
personality
100
view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
psychodynamic theories of personality
101
emphasize the growth potential of "healthy" individuals.
humanistic theories of personality
102
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
hierarchy of needs
103
according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self
self-transcendence
104
focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
behavioral approach of personality
105
one's sense of competence and effectiveness
self-efficacy