UNIT 7 (CH 8/10)

Question 1

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psycholgical needs become active

Answer 1

hierarchy of needs

Question 2

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When levels are low we feel hunger

Answer 2

glucose

Question 3

sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females that by males and contributing to female sex characteristics

Answer 3

estrogens

Question 4

the most important of the male sex horomones - both males and females have it

Answer 4

testosterone

Question 5

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex or the other sex

Answer 5

sexual orientation

Question 6

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Answer 6

motivation

Question 7

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterened throughout a species and is unlearned

Answer 7

instinct

Question 8

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Answer 8

drive-reduction theory

Question 9

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Answer 9

homeostasis

Question 10

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Answer 10

incentive

Question 11

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set

Answer 11

set point

Question 12

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

Answer 12

basal metabolic rate

Question 13

an eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feels fat, continues to starve - usually an adolescent female

Answer 13

anorexia nervosa

Question 14

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Answer 14

bulimia nervosa

Question 15

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compnesatory puring, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

Answer 15

binge-eating disorder

Question 16

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Answer 16

sexual response cycle

Question 17

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Answer 17

refractory period

Question 18

a response of the whole organism involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

Answer 18

emotion

Question 19

our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Answer 19

James-Lange theory

Question 20

emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

Answer 20

Cannon-Bard theory

Question 21

to experience emotion on must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arsousal

Answer 21

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

Question 22

the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness

Answer 22

facial feedback

Question 23

emotional release - “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

Answer 23

catharsis

Question 24

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

Answer 24

behavioral medicine

Question 25

a subfield that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

Answer 25

health psychology

Question 26

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Answer 26

stress

Question 27

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive responses to stress in 3 phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Answer 27

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Question 28

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in North America

Answer 28

coronary heart disease

Question 29

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

Answer 29

polygraph

Question 30

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Answer 30

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

Question 31

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life

Answer 31

well-being

Question 32

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neural level defined by our prior experience

Answer 32

adaptation-level phenomenon

Question 33

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

Answer 33

relative deprivation

Question 34

Friedman and Rosenman - competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Answer 34

Type A

Question 35

Friedman and Rosenman - easygoing, relaxed people

Answer 35

Type B

Question 36

mind-body illness - any stress related physical illness

Answer 36

psychophysiological illness

Question 37

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Answer 37

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

Question 38

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system

Answer 38

lymphocytes

Question 39

form in bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

Answer 39

B lymphocytes

Question 40

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

Answer 40

T lymphocytes

Question 41

psycholoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Answer 41

projection

Question 42

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

Answer 42

rationalization

Question 43

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

Answer 43

displacement

Question 44

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimului designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Answer 44

projective test

Question 45

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Answer 45

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 46

the most widely used projective test - seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Answer 46

Rorschach inkblot test

Question 47

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

Answer 47

personal control

Question 48

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

Answer 48

external locus of control

Question 49

the perception that you control your own fate

Answer 49

internal locus of control

Question 50

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

Answer 50

spotlight effect

Question 51

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Answer 51

self-esteem

Question 52

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Answer 52

self-serving bias

Question 53

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather that group identifications

Answer 53

individualism

Question 54

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

Answer 54

collectivism

Question 55

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Answer 55

free association

Question 56

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts ans actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

Answer 56

psychoanalysis

Question 57

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

Answer 57

unconscious

Question 58

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives - operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Answer 58

id

Question 59

the largely conscious - "executive" part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in way that well realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Answer 59

ego

Question 60

represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience)and for future aspirations

Answer 60

superego

Question 61

childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Answer 61

psychosexual stages

Question 62

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Answer 62

Oedipus complex

Question 63

the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos - Freud

Answer 63

identification

Question 64

lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved - Freud

Answer 64

fixation

Question 65

the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Answer 65

defense mechanisms

Question 66

the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Answer 66

repression

Question 67

defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Answer 67

regression

Question 68

defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

Answer 68

reaction formation

Question 69

defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities

Answer 69

sublimation

Question 70

defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities

Answer 70

denial

Question 71

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

Answer 71

collective unconscious

Question 72

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

Answer 72

terror-management theory

Question 73

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potenial

Answer 73

self-actualization

Question 74

according to Roger's, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Answer 74

unconditional positive regard

Question 75

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "Who am I?"

Answer 75

self-concept

Question 76

a characteristics pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

Answer 76

trait

Question 77

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to guage a wide range of feelings and behaviors

Answer 77

personality inventory

Question 78

most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests

Answer 78

Minnesota Multiohasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Question 79

a test (MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

Answer 79

empirically derived test

Question 80

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including thinking) and their social context

Answer 80

social-cognitive perspective

Question 81

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Answer 81

reciprocal determinism

Question 82

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Answer 82

positive psychology

Question 83

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Answer 83

self

Question 84

a basic bodily requirement

Answer 84

physiological need

Question 85

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Answer 85

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Question 86

BMI of 30 or higher

Answer 86

obesity

Question 87

having no sexual attraction to others

Answer 87

asexual

Question 88

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

Answer 88

affiliation need

Question 89

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Answer 89

ostracism

Question 90

excessive self-love and self-absorption

Answer 90

narcissism

Question 91

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of skills and idea, for control, and for attaining a high standard

Answer 91

achievement motivation

Question 92

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Answer 92

grit

Question 93

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions

Answer 93

behavior feedback effect

Question 94

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

Answer 94

tend-and-befriend response

Question 95

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

Answer 95

aerobic exercise

Question 96

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

Answer 96

mindfulness meditation

Question 97

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Answer 97

positive psychology

Question 98

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

Answer 98

subjective well-being

Question 99

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Answer 99

personality

Question 100

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Answer 100

psychodynamic theories of personality

Question 101

emphasize the growth potential of "healthy" individuals.

Answer 101

humanistic theories of personality

Question 102

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Answer 102

hierarchy of needs

Question 103

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

Answer 103

self-transcendence

Question 104

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

Answer 104

behavioral approach of personality

Question 105

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

Answer 105

self-efficacy