UNIT 5 (CH 7/11) Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
the persistance of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
A
memory
2
Q
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yeild better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice
A
spacing effect
3
Q
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
A
serial position effect
4
Q
the encoding of picture images
A
visual encoding
5
Q
the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
A
acoustic encoding
6
Q
the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
A
semantic encoding
7
Q
mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
A
imagery
8
Q
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
A
mnemonics
9
Q
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
A
chunking
10
Q
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second
A
iconic memory
11
Q
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds
A
echoic memory
12
Q
an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
A
long-term potentiation (LTP)
13
Q
retention independent of conscious recollection - IMpossible to remember
A
implicit memory
14
Q
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” - able to EXplain
A
explicit memory
15
Q
a neural cneter that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
A
hippocampus
16
Q
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
A
mood-congruent memory
17
Q
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
A
proactive interference
18
Q
the disruption effect of new learning on the recall of old information
A
retroactive interference
19
Q
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
A
repression
20
Q
incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event; at the heart of false memories
A
misinformation effect
21
Q
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined; at the heart of false memories
A
source amnesia
22
Q
the processing of information into the memory system
A
encoding
23
Q
the retention of encoded information over time
A
storage
24
Q
the process of getting information our of memory storage
A
retrieval
25
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
sensory memory
26
activitated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or fargotten
short-term memory
27
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills and experiences
long-term memory
28
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
working memory
29
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mose of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving
parallel processing
30
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meaning
automatic processing
31
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
effortful processing
32
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
rehearsal
33
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
flashbulb memory
34
the loss of memory
amnesia
35
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
recall
36
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
recognition
37
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
relearning
38
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
priming
39
that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
deja vu
40
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
algorithm
41
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
heuristic
42
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
insight
43
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
creativity
44
a tendency to search for information that supports our presonceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
confirmation bias
45
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
fixation
46
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been sucessful in the past
mental set
47
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
functional fixedness
48
the tendency to be more confident that correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
overconfidence
49
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were informed has been discredited
belief perseverence
50
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
framing
51
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
language
52
in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
phoneme
53
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word
morpheme
54
a system if rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
grammar
55
the set of rules by which we derive menaing from morphemes, words, and sentences ina given language; also, the study of meaning
semantics
56
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
syntax
57
beginning at about 4 months - infants spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
babbling stage
58
Whrof's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
linguistic determination
59
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
cognition
60
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people
concept
61
a mental image or best example of a category
prototype
62
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
representativeness heuristic
63
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability on memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
availability heuristic
64
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with eplicit, conscious reasoning
intuition
65
the stage in speech development, from about 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words`
one-word stage
66
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
two-word stage
67
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a tetlgram - "go car"
telegraphic speech
68
a method for assessinf an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
intelligence test
69
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
intelligence
70
Spearman - a general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
general intelligence (g)
71
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of realted items (factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score
factor analysis
72
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an expectional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
savant sydrome
73
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
emotional intelligence
74
Binet - a measure of intelligence test performance - a child who does as well as a 8 year old has that mental age
mental age
75
the widely used American version (Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test
Stanford-Binet
76
originally (ma/ca x 100 = IQ); now the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
intelligence quotient (IQ)
77
tests designed to assess what a person has learned
achievement test
78
tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
aptitude tests
79
most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
80
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretest
standardization
81
the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many pyhsical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
normal curve
82
the extent to which a test yields consistent redults, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting
reliability
83
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
validity
84
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
content validity
85
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the ctiteriob behavior
predictive validity
86
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to prefound
intellectual disability
87
a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
Down Syndrome
88
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
stereotype threat
89
passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
grit
90
a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as from a given time period
cohort
91
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
crystallized intelligence
92
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
fluid intelligence
93
research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time
cross-sectional study
94
research that follows and retests the same people over time
longitudinal study
95
the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of the population and environments studied
heritability
96
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information
testing effect (retrieval practice effect/test-enhanced learning)
97
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
shallow processing
98
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
deep processing
99
explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic memory)
episodic memory
100
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
reconsolidation
101
the neural storage of a long-term memory
memory consolidation
102
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
encoding specificity principle
103
an inability to form new memories
anterograde amnesia
104
an inability to retrieve information from one's past
retrograde amnesia
105
narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
convergent thinking
106
expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
divergent thinking
107
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).
aphasia
108
helps control language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
Broca's area
109
a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
Wernicke's area
110
the weaker form of "linguistic relativity" - the idea that language affects thought (thus our thinking and world view is "relative to" our cultural language)
linguistic influence
