UNIT 8 (CH 12/13)

Question 1

psychological disorders characteristics by distressing, persistent, anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Answer 1

anxiety disorders

Question 2

continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Answer 2

generalized anxiety disorder

Question 3

marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

Answer 3

panic disorder

Question 4

marked by a persistent, irrational fear and aviodance of a specific object, activity, or situation

Answer 4

phobia

Question 5

characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Answer 5

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Question 6

a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

Answer 6

conversion disorder

Question 7

a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

Answer 7

illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis)

Question 8

conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Answer 8

dissociative disorders

Question 9

a rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

Answer 9

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Question 10

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

Answer 10

schizophrenia

Question 11

false beliefs, often of persecution of grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Answer 11

delusions

Question 12

characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Answer 12

personality disorders

Question 13

lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist - usually men

Answer 13

antisocial personality disorder

Question 14

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

Answer 14

psychological disorder

Question 15

marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of 3 key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Answer 15

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 16

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

Answer 16

medical model

Question 17

the APA’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Answer 17

DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

Question 18

haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawl, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks of more after a traumatic experience

Answer 18

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Question 19

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

Answer 19

post-traumatic growth

Question 20

mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, 2 or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

Answer 20

major depressive disorder

Question 21

marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Answer 21

mania

Question 22

person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

Answer 22

bipolar disorder

Question 23

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

Answer 23

psychodynamic therapy

Question 24

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Answer 24

insight therapies

Question 25

Rogers - the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth

Answer 25

client-centered therapy

Question 26

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies - part of client-centered therapy

Answer 26

active listening

Question 27

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Answer 27

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Question 28

treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Answer 28

family therapy

Question 29

clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Answer 29

evidence-based practice

Question 30

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Answer 30

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Question 31

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or supress brain activity

Answer 31

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Question 32

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Answer 32

psychosurgery

Question 33

a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients - cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Answer 33

lobotomy

Question 34

a personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

Answer 34

resilience

Question 35

uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Answer 35

eclectic appraoch

Question 36

consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psycholoigcal difficulties or achieve personal growth

Answer 36

psychotherapy

Question 37

free association, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Answer 37

psychoanalysis

Question 38

the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Answer 38

resistance

Question 39

the analyst's noting supposed dream meaning, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Answer 39

interpretation

Question 40

the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

Answer 40

transference

Question 41

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Answer 41

unconditional positive regard

Question 42

applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Answer 42

behavior therapy

Question 43

uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

Answer 43

counterconditioning

Question 44

behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to things they fear and avoid

Answer 44

exposure therapies

Question 45

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.Commonly used to treat phobias

Answer 45

systematic desensitization

Question 46

anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears

Answer 46

virtual reality exposure therapy

Question 47

type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

Answer 47

aversive conditioning

Question 48

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange that tokens for various privileges or treats

Answer 48

token economy

Question 49

teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Answer 49

cognitive therapy

Question 50

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Answer 50

meta-analysis

Question 51

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

Answer 51

biomedical therapy

Question 52

the study of the effects of drugs on the mind

Answer 52

psychopharmacology

Question 53

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

Answer 53

antipsychotic drugs

Question 54

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

Answer 54

antianxiety drugs

Question 55

Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used are selective seotonin reuptake inhibitors-SSRI)

Answer 55

antidepressant drugs

Question 56

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Answer 56

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Question 57

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

Answer 57

group therapy

Question 58

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

Answer 58

therapeutic alliance

Question 59

intense fear and avoidance of social situations

Answer 59

social anxiety disorder

Question 60

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Answer 60

Epigenetics

Question 61

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

Answer 61

agoraphobia

Question 62

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

Answer 62

rumination

Question 63

a group of psychological disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

Answer 63

psychotic disorders

Question 64

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Answer 64

Hallucinations

Question 65

(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

Answer 65

chronic schizophrenia

Question 66

(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event

Answer 66

acute schizophrenia

Question 67

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

Answer 67

somatic symptom disorder

Question 68

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

Answer 68

anorexia nervosa

Question 69

an eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Answer 69

bulimia nervosa

Question 70

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

Answer 70

binge-eating disorder