UNIT 9 (CH 14)

Question 1

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Answer 1

social psychology

Question 2

we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

Answer 2

attribution theory

Question 3

observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Answer 3

fundamental attribution error

Question 4

we act to reduce discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent

Answer 4

cognitive dissonance theory

Question 5

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Answer 5

conformity

Question 6

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Answer 6

social facilitation

Question 7

people in a group exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Answer 7

social loafing

Question 8

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Answer 8

deindividuation

Question 9

enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Answer 9

group polarization

Question 10

mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Answer 10

groupthink

Question 11

enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Answer 11

culture

Question 12

understood rule for accepted and expected behavior - norms prescribe “proper” behavior

Answer 12

norm

Question 13

us - people with whom we share a common identity

Answer 13

ingroup

Question 14

them - those perceived as different or apart from our group

Answer 14

outgroup

Question 15

the tendency to favor our own group

Answer 15

ingroup bias

Question 16

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Answer 16

scapegoat theory

Question 17

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately that faces of other races - as known as: cross-race effect or own-race bias

Answer 17

other-race effect

Question 18

frustration - the blocking of an attempt to schieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression

Answer 18

frustration-aggression principle

Question 19

repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Answer 19

mere exposure effect

Question 20

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Answer 20

passionate love

Question 21

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Answer 21

companionate love

Question 22

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Answer 22

equity

Question 23

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Answer 23

self-disclosure

Question 24

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Answer 24

altruism

Question 25

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are present

Answer 25

bystander effect

Question 26

social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Answer 26

social exchange theory

Question 27

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Answer 27

reciprocity norm

Question 28

people will help those dependent upon them

Answer 28

social-responsibility norm

Question 29

perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Answer 29

conflict

Question 30

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Answer 30

social trap

Question 31

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Answer 31

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 32

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Answer 32

attitude

Question 33

attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Answer 33

central route persuasion

Question 34

attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Answer 34

peripheral route persuasion

Question 35

people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Answer 35

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Question 36

set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Answer 36

role

Question 37

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Answer 37

normative social influence

Question 38

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality

Answer 38

informational social influence

Question 39

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members

Answer 39

prejudice

Question 40

a generalized (sometimes accute but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Answer 40

stereotype

Question 41

unfustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Answer 41

discrimination

Question 42

people believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Answer 42

just-world phenomenon

Question 43

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Answer 43

aggression

Question 44

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Answer 44

superordinate goals

Question 45

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Answer 45

GRIT

Question 46

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Answer 46

social script

Question 47

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Answer 47

mirror-image perceptions