UNIT 6 (CH 9)

Question 1

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

Answer 1

habituation

Question 2

concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Answer 2

schema

Question 3

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Answer 3

assimilation

Question 4

adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information

Answer 4

accommodation

Question 5

Piaget’s theory - a child learns language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic (2 to 6-7)

Answer 5

preoperational stage

Question 6

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Answer 6

conservation

Question 7

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

Answer 7

egocentrism

Question 8

people’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

Answer 8

theory of mind

Question 9

Piaget’s theory - cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (6-7 to 11)

Answer 9

concrete operational stage

Question 10

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind

Answer 10

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Question 11

the fear of strangers - happens around 8 months

Answer 11

stranger anxiety

Question 12

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Answer 12

attachment

Question 13

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Answer 13

critical period

Question 14

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Answer 14

imprinting

Question 15

our understanding and evaluation of who we are

Answer 15

self-concept

Question 16

the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

Answer 16

gender

Question 17

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

Answer 17

aggression

Question 18

found in both men and women - females have 2 X chromosomes; males have one

Answer 18

X chromosome

Question 19

only found in males - when paried with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

Answer 19

Y chromosome

Question 20

the most important of the male sex hormones

Answer 20

testosterone

Question 21

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

Answer 21

primary sex characteristics

Question 22

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Answer 22

secondary sex characteristics

Question 23

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Answer 23

identity

Question 24

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

Answer 24

social identity

Question 25

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-20s, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

Answer 25

emerging adulthood

Question 26

the fertilized egg

Answer 26

zygote

Question 27

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

Answer 27

embryo

Question 28

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Answer 28

fetus

Question 29

agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Answer 29

teratogens

Question 30

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking

Answer 30

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 31

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Answer 31

maturation

Question 32

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 32

cognition

Question 33

Piaget's theory - infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities (birth - 2)

Answer 33

sensorimotor stage

Question 34

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Answer 34

object permanence

Question 35

Piaget's theory - cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts (begins around 12)

Answer 35

formal operational stage

Question 36

a person's characteristics emotional reactivity and intensity

Answer 36

temperament

Question 37

Erikson - a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

Answer 37

basic trust

Question 38

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Answer 38

role

Question 39

a set of expected behaviors for males and for females

Answer 39

gender roles

Question 40

our sense of being male or female

Answer 40

gender identity

Question 41

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Answer 41

gender typing

Question 42

we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Answer 42

social learning theory

Question 43

the transition from childhood to adulthood - puberty to independence

Answer 43

adolescence

Question 44

period of sexual maturation - capable of reproducing

Answer 44

puberty

Question 45

the first menstraul period

Answer 45

menarche

Question 46

Erikson - ability to form close, loving relationships - late adolescence and early adulthood

Answer 46

intimacy

Question 47

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Answer 47

menopause

Question 48

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Answer 48

cross-sectional study

Question 49

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Answer 49

longitudinal study

Question 50

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Answer 50

crystallized intelligence

Question 51

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Answer 51

fluid intelligence

Question 52

the culturally perferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Answer 52

social clock

Question 53

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

Answer 53

scaffold

Question 54

a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child's reactions are observed

Answer 54

strange situation

Question 55

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver's return

Answer 55

secure attachment

Question 56

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

Answer 56

insecure attachment

Question 57

the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females

Answer 57

sex

Question 58

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing

Answer 58

relational aggression

Question 59

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

Answer 59

androgyny

Question 60

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

Answer 60

transgender

Question 61

first ejaculation

Answer 61

spermarche

Question 62

a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

Answer 62

Intersex

Question 63

sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV, resulting in damage to the immune system - depletes the immune system. leaving a person vulnerable to inflection

Answer 63

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Question 64

our enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

Answer 64

sexual orientation

Question 65

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

Answer 65

neurocognitive disorders

Question 66

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with an onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

Answer 66

Alzheimer's disease