unit 4 concept 1

Question 1

Nucleic acids are

Answer 1

macromolecules that holds our genetic material (DNA)

Question 2

Nucleic acids contain

Answer 2

genes

Question 3

genes

Answer 3

sections of DNA that serve as the blueprint/instructions for making proteins

Question 4

nucleic acids are located at a…

Answer 4

certain point on a chromosome

Question 5

proteins carry out all

Answer 5

cellular activity

Question 6

DNA

Answer 6

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 7

RNA

Answer 7

Ribonucleic acid

Question 8

2 types of nucleic acids

Answer 8

DNA and RNA

Question 9

3 parts to nucleotides

Answer 9

sugar:
- deoxyribose (DNA)
- ribose (RNA)
phosphate
nitrogen base:
- Adenine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Thymine (DNA only)
- Uracil (RNA only)

Question 10

DNA Structure

Answer 10

double helix: like a twisted ladder

Question 11

DNA structure: Sugar and phosphate form the

Answer 11

“sugar phosphate backbone”

Question 12

DNA structure: Nitrogen bases bond in the

Answer 12

middle with weak hydrogen bonds
- wants to break easily

Question 13

DNA structure: all other bonds are

Answer 13

strong covalent bonds
- doesn’t want to break easily

Question 14

Nitrogen bases only bond to their

Answer 14

bond to their complementary base pairs with hydrogen bonds

• A’s bond with T’s
• G’s bond with C’s

Question 15

A=T G=C are called

Answer 15

complementary base pairs

Question 16

Nitrogen bases 2 types of classifications

Answer 16

Purines (small word big base)
- Adenine
- Guanine

Pyrimidines (big word, small base)
- Thymine
- Cytosine

Question 17

Chargoff’s rules

Answer 17

A’s bond with T’s

G’s bond with C’s

Question 18

what holds the base pairs together?

Answer 18

weak hydrogen bonds

2 for A=T
3 for G=C

Question 19

DNA’s formation is a double helix and…

Answer 19

antiparallel

Question 20

Antiparallel

Answer 20

The strands run in opposite/antiparallel directions

Question 21

how do the strands run in DNA

Answer 21

1st strand runs in a 5’ -> 3’ direction and the 2nd strand 3’ -> 5’ direction

Phosphate end is always the 5’ end
Deoxyribose sugar is always the 3’ end

Question 22

RNA are…

Answer 22

Single strand of nucleotides with exposed bases

Question 23

RNA bases bind with

Answer 23

DNA bases

Question 24

RNA base pairs

Answer 24

A’s with U’s
C’s with G’s

Question 25

table comparing DNA and RNA (3)

Answer 25

draw out

Question 26

Chromosomes

Answer 26

tightly coiled strands of DNA

Question 27

Gene

Answer 27

section of DNA that has instructions to code for a protein

Question 28

One chromosome can contain thousands

Answer 28

of genes linked together

Question 29

Genes are...

Answer 29

pieces/sections of DNA

Question 30

Chromosomes are...

Answer 30

are long strands of DNA all bunched up (super condensed)

Question 31

Different organisms have

Answer 31

different number of chromosomes

Question 32

DNA replication

Answer 32

process of making an identical copy of DNA

Question 33

DNA replication occurs in

Answer 33

S phase in the nucleus

Question 34

helicase

Answer 34

unzips DNA into 2 strands - Several places along the DNA will be unzipped at once

Question 35

Openings are called

Answer 35

origins of replication

Question 36

DNA polymerase

Answer 36

adds complementary nucleotides to the template strands A's bond with T's C's bond with G's

Question 37

DNA polymerase only ADDS nucleotides to the...

Answer 37

free 3’ end of the template strand. As it does so it forms NEW DNA strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction ONLY can only build 5' to 3' direction

Question 38

Primase (4)

Answer 38

- Required for DNA synthesis - key to car ignition - makes short RNA primers - short pieces of RNA to help get the DNA polymerase started

Question 39

DNA polymerase (3)

Answer 39

- adds nucleotides to RNA primer - makes polynucleotides (1st function) POLYMERASE 3 (main synthesizing enzyme) - after nucleotides are added to the compliment strand RNA primer is removed and replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase (2nd function) POLYMERASE 1 (removes RNA primes and replace with DNA nucelotides) - proofreads the strand before the backbone is finished (3rd function)

Question 40

DNA ligase (2)

Answer 40

- seals the gaps in DNA - connects DNA pieces by making phosphodiester bonds

Question 41

2 new strands are...

Answer 41

created at the same time

Question 42

name the 5 key enzymes used during DNA replication (4)

Answer 42

heliocase, primase, dna polymerase, ligase, topoisomerase

Question 43

topoisomerase

Answer 43

relieves supercoiling stress ahead of teh replication fork

Question 44

SSB's

Answer 44

stablize single stranded DNA and prevents reannealing (DNA coming back together after being separated)

Question 45

compare leading strand and lagging strand 3/7

Answer 45

draw out and table

Question 46

Okazaki fragments

Answer 46

short sequences of DNA nucleotides

Question 47

at the end of DNA replication...

Answer 47

3. 2 identical DNA molecules are formed, each with an “old” and “new” strand. - AKA semi-conservative replication - Each parent strand is now a template/pattern that determines the order of the new bases - Forms a complementary strand to the original strand - Newly synthesized double helix is a combination of one “old” and one “new” DNA strand