unit 6 concept 3 EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

Question 1

EVIDENCE of evolution (6)

Answer 1

palaeontology
morphology
biogeography
embryology
biochemistry
direct observation

Question 2

Paleontology

Answer 2

study of prehistoric life through the fossil record

Question 2

Fossils

Answer 2

preserved remains of organisms (bones, footprints, feces, etc)

• fossil record reveals a history of the types of organisms that have lived on earth (including now extinct species) and the ages of those fossils

Question 3

Transitional fossils link..

Answer 3

link ancestral species to their descendants
- critical for piecing together evolutionary history

eg. archaeopteryx, the transitional fossil between birds and dinosuars

Question 4

Morphology

Answer 4

study of the form of living things.

Question 5

3 evidence of morphology

Answer 5

homologous structures
vestigial structures
analogous structures

Question 6

homologous structures (3)

Answer 6

similar structures that suggests evidence of common ancestry

SIMILAR structure, but DIFFERENT function, due to being used in different environments

• result of divergent evolution (have common ancestor)

eg. forelimbs of various animals, different functions – gripping to flying, same bone structures/parts- tho size and shape varies significantly due to environment

Question 7

vestigial structures (3)

Answer 7

structures with little or no function to an organism

• could be leftover from an ancestor that used the structure
• evidence of divergent evolution
• common ancestor

Question 8

Analogous structures (3)

Answer 8

similar structures that evolved independently in different organisms due to serving similar purposes

• DIFFERENT structurally but SAME functionally, due to living in similar environments.
• Result of convergent evolution, therefore are NOT RELATED/no common ancestor

Question 9

analogous vs homologous structures

Answer 9

write it out

Question 10

Biogeography

Answer 10

study of the geographic distribution of plants and animals.
- Looks at where living things are located.

Question 11

biogeopgrahy continued

Answer 11

• The distribution of organisms lines up with what has been discovered about continental drift and Pangea.
• Species in nearby geographic areas often resemble each other, with variation for their specific environments.
• Ex. Island species are more closely related to mainland species than they are to species on similar islands on the other side of the world.

⁃ Potential evidence of divergent evolution.

Question 12

endemic species

Answer 12

species that exist only in one geographic region
Ex. Galapagos tortoises

Question 13

Embryology

Answer 13

study of embryo development

• similarities in the embryos of vertebrates early in development suggests common ancestry in vertebrates (gill slits and tail bone)

Question 14

Biochemistry

Answer 14

study of chemical processes in living things

Question 15

biochemistry allows scientists to…

Answer 15

• Analyzing DNA and proteins from different species allows us to compare similarities to predict common ancestry.
• Closely related species would have similar DNA sequences.

Question 16

The more similarities in DNA sequence, the more…

Answer 16

closely they are related
close evolutionary relationship

Question 17

Pseudogenes

Answer 17

Nonfunctional genes
(vestigial structures of DNA)
- evidence of divergent evolution and common ancestor

Question 18

Direct observation

Answer 18

Microevolution that has been directly observed due to occurring in populations with short life cycles that reproduce quickly.

Examples:
⁃ Peppered moths
⁃ Mosquitos resistant to pesticides like DDT
- Bacterias MRSA = a type of antibiotic-resistant bacteria