Unit 4: Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Learning that results in the storage of information

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

Getting information into the brain

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

Retaining the encoded information

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

Getting the information out of storage

Question 5

Parallel Processing

Answer 5

Processing things at the same time

Question 6

Sensory Memory

Answer 6

Immediate recording of sensory information

Question 7

Short-term memory

Answer 7

Holds some information briefly before it is forgotten

Question 8

Long-term memory

Answer 8

Relatively permanent method of storage

Question 9

Working Memory

Answer 9

AKA short-term - active processing of incoming information and information from long-term memory

Question 10

Explicit Memory

Answer 10

Factual memory - consciously know

Question 11

Effortful processing

Answer 11

Encoding where you need to be consciously encoding the information

Question 12

Automatic processing

Answer 12

Unconscious encoding

Question 13

Implicit memories

Answer 13

Is different and independent from conscious recall

Question 14

Iconic Memory

Answer 14

Photographic memory that only lasts a moment

Question 15

Echoic memory

Answer 15

Auditory memory that lasts 3-4 seconds

Question 16

Chunking

Answer 16

Organizing information into sizable ‘chunks’ to assist in memory - often automatic

Question 17

Mnemonics

Answer 17

Memory aids that often include visual aids

Question 18

Spacing effect

Answer 18

Spacing studying further apart rather than cramming in a short amount of time results in better memory

Question 19

Testing effect

Answer 19

Better memory occurs after retrieval, not rereading

Question 20

Shallow processing

Answer 20

Encoding structure or appearance of words

Question 21

Deep processing

Answer 21

Encoding the meaning of a word - yields the best retention

Question 22

Hippocampus

Answer 22

Processes explicit memories for storage - in limbic system

Question 23

Flashbulb memory

Answer 23

Very clear memory of an event that is emotionally significant

Question 24

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 24

Increase in cell’s firing potential after a stimulation

Question 25

Recall

Answer 25

Retrieval of information

Question 26

Recognition

Answer 26

Knowing items previously learned

Question 27

Relearning

Answer 27

Being able to learn something more quickly when learning for the 2nd time

Question 28

Priming

Answer 28

Activating associations in memory

Question 29

Mood Congruent Memory

Answer 29

State- dependent memory using your emotions and moods - more likely to recall when in the same 'state'

Question 30

Serial position effect

Answer 30

Able to remember the bookends of a list (first and last)

Question 31

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 31

Can't form new memories

Question 32

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 32

Can't retrieve stored information

Question 33

Proactive interference

Answer 33

Information you encoded earlier disrupts your recall of new information

Question 34

Retroactive interference

Answer 34

When new information disrupts the recall of old information

Question 35

Repression

Answer 35

Blocks anxious-arousing neural processes from consciousness

Question 36

Misinformation effect

Answer 36

The incorporation of false information into an event's memory

Question 37

Source amnesia

Answer 37

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

Question 38

Deja vu

Answer 38

'Already seen' - cues from current state may trigger retrievals

Question 39

Cognition

Answer 39

Mental facilities

Question 40

Concept

Answer 40

Grouping of information

Question 41

Prototypes

Answer 41

Image of a category - the representation of the concept

Question 42

Creativity

Answer 42

Able to produce unique ideas

Question 43

Convergent thinking

Answer 43

Finding one solution

Question 44

Divergent Thinking

Answer 44

'Out of the box' ideas and solutions

Question 45

Algorithms

Answer 45

Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution

Question 46

Heuristic

Answer 46

Simpler thinking strategies using grouping, etc

Question 47

Insight

Answer 47

Light bulb moment - sudden realization

Question 48

Confirmation Bias

Answer 48

Tendency to seek information that supports our current mindset and ignore contrasting information

Question 49

Mental Set

Answer 49

Tendency to approach a problem in one particular way (often one that has already been successful)

Question 50

Intuition

Answer 50

Automatic feeling or thought

Question 51

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 51

To judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes

Question 52

Available heuristic

Answer 52

Estimate the likelihood of events based on how mentally available they are

Question 53

Overconfidence

Answer 53

Tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge

Question 54

Belief perserverance

Answer 54

Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 55

Framing

Answer 55

How an issue is presented

Question 56

Language

Answer 56

How we combine words to communicate meaning

Question 57

Phenomes

Answer 57

Smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 58

Morphemes

Answer 58

Smallest units that carry meaning

Question 59

Grammar

Answer 59

System of rules that organizes the meaning

Question 60

Babbling stage

Answer 60

4 months - random sounds unrelated to the language

Question 61

One-word stage

Answer 61

Age 1-2 - speaking single, unstrung words

Question 62

Two-word stage

Answer 62

Age 2 - 2 word statements

Question 63

Telegraphic speech

Answer 63

Using mostly nouns and verbs (like telegram)

Question 64

Aphasia

Answer 64

Impairment of language - damage to Broca's or Wernicke's area

Question 65

Broca's area

Answer 65

Language expression - muscle movements

Question 66

Wernicke's area

Answer 66

Language reception - comprehension

Question 67

Linguistic Determinism

Answer 67

Language determines the way we think