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biology > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 parts of the cell cycle

A

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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2
Q

chromosomes

A

structures that contain the genetic material, condensed form of DNA

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3
Q

chromatin

A

relaxed form of DNA in the cells nucleus

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4
Q

mitosis

A

cells replicated genetic material separates, cell prepares to split into two daughter cells (during cytokinesis)

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5
Q

key activity of mitosis

A

accurate separation of the cells replicated DNA

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6
Q

prophase

A

first and longest stage of mitosis, nuclear membrane breaks down, nucleolus disappears, cells chromatin condenses into chromosomes

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7
Q

sister chromatids

A

structures that have identical copies of DNA, attached by centromere

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8
Q

centromere

A

links a pair of sister chromatids during mitosis

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9
Q

spindle apparatus

A

formed with spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers as prophase continues, attaches to each of the sister chromatids before mitosis

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10
Q

metaphase

A

second and shortest phase, sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell, line up in the middle of the cell forming a metaphase plate

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11
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids are pulled apart, sister chromatids separate, they are now chromosomes and move toward the poles of the cell

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12
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to decondense, two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear, spindle apparatus disassembles

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13
Q

cytokinesis

A

two daughter nuclei have formed, animal cells form cleavage furrow, plant cells form cell plate

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14
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled growth and division of cells

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15
Q

mutations

A

cause the growth and division of cancer cells

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16
Q

benign tumors

A

a lump of abnormal cells remain at the original site

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17
Q

malignant tumors

A

invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize, may form secondary tumors in other parts of the body

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18
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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19
Q

dna codes for

A

proteins

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20
Q

dna is found in

A

the nucleus

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21
Q

proteins are needed in

A

immune system, hair/skin/nails, muscles, nervous sytem, enzymes

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22
Q

nucleotide

A

monomer of nucleic acids that consists of 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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23
Q

four nitrogenous bases for DNA

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

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24
Q

four nitrogenous bases for RNA

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

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25
dna is often compared to a
twisted ladder or double helix
26
rails of the ladder of DNA are represented by
alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate
27
steps of the ladder of DNA are represented by
the pairs of bases (C-G and T-A)
28
purine base
always binds to a pyrimidine base
29
purine bases consist of
adenine and guanine
30
pyrimidine bases consist of
cytosine, thymine, uracil
31
sugar and phosphate make up the backbone of DNA and are joined by
covalent bonds
32
nitrogen bases will join the complementary stand with a
hydrogen bond
33
semiconservative replication
parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one old strand and one new one
34
unwinding
35
pairing
36
joining
37
DNA helicase
unwinds the helix, breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases
38
single-strand binding proteins
keep the DNA strands separate during replication
39
primase
adds a short segment of RNA primer on each DNA strand
40
DNA polymerase
adds appropriate nucleotides to the new DNA strand at the 3' end
41
leading strand
built continuously
42
lagging strand
built discontinuously in small segments called okazaki fragments
43
DN polymerase removes
the RNA primer and fills in the place with DNA nucleotides
44
DNA ligase
links the two DNA strands together
45
DNA replication in eukaryotes
DNA unwinds in multiple areas
46
DNA replication in prokaryotes
circular DNA strand is opened at one origin
47
biotechnology
using organisms to perform practical tasks for humans, produce a product for the betterment of humans
48
recombinant DNA technology
combining DNA from different sources into a single DNA molecule
49
action of restriction enzymes
cut DNA at specific sequences, restriction site
50
what can we do with biotechnology
make a genetically modified organism, ex: GMO food keeping pests and diseases out of the way
51
polymerase chain reaction
producing multiple copies of a DNA sample, when heated DNA will separate into two single stranded fragments
52
CRISPR
technology that can be used to edit genes, a way of finding a specific bit of DNA inside a cell
53
gel electrophoresis
dna molecules are cut with restriction enzymes , pieces are separated by size, DNA has a negative charge it will be attracted to positive end of the gel
54
how could you use gel electrophoresis
DNA fingerprints
55
what causes a mutation
an error that results in a change in the DNA sequence
56
gregor mendel
looked for the molecule involved in inheritance
57
frederick griffith
performed experiment with a bacteria in 1928, was the first major experiment searching for genetic material
58
oswald avery
in 1931 he identified that DNA was the molecule that transformed the R strain of the bacteria into the S strain
59
alfred hershey and martha chase
in 1952 they published the results of their experiment with bacteriophages, a type of virus that infects bacteria
60
what did hershey and chase use to trace bacteriophage DNA and protein
radioactive labeling
61
conclusion of the experiment of hershey and chase
only radioactive phosphorus, not sulfur, was detected inside the infected bacterial cells
62
point mutation
results in a change from one nucleotide to another, either no issue or big issue
63
types of point mutations
missense, nonsense, silent
64
missense
has changed one nucleotide in the sequence, amino acid sequence will change, ex: sickle cell anemia is caused by a missense mutation that doesn't allow hemoglobin protein to fold right
65
nonsense
has changed on nucleotide in the sequence to a stop codon, the protein will stop before its complete, ex: thalassemia (a milder form of sickle cell anemia)
66
silent
has changed one nucleotide in the sequence, no change in the resulting amino acid or protein
67
insertion (frameshift mutation)
a nucleotide is inserted into the stand, changes all the remaining amino acids and the resulting protein !
68
deletion (frameshift mutation)
a single nucleotide has been deleted, changes all the remaining amino acids and the resulting protein !
69
mitosis type of cells
somatic (body cells)
70
meiosis type of cells
sex cellls
71
how many cell divisions are in mitosis
1
72
how many cell divisions are in meiosis
2
73
products of mitosis
2 diploid (2n) daughter cells
74
products of meiosis
4 haploid (n) daughter cells
75
are daughter cells in mitosis identical or unique
identical
76
are daughter cells in meiosis identical or unique
unique
77
how many chromosomes are in human cells (mitosis)
46
78
how many chromosomes are in human cells (meiosis)
23
79
what did rosalind franklin accomplish?
80
what did watson & crick accomplish?
in 1953 they discovered that the shape of a DNA molecule is a double helix
81
what is tDNA?
RNA molecule that serves as an adaptor between the mRNA and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein
82
what is mRNA?
genetic material that tells your body how to make proteins, the messenger
83
what is a codon?
a sequence of three nucleotides that correspond to an amino acid
84
what is an anticodon?
a sequence of three nucleotides that are complementary to codons

biology (8 decks)

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