Unit 5

Question 1

Garrett Hardin

Answer 1

Tragedy of the Commons (1968)

Question 2

The Tragedy of the Commons

Answer 2

Resource depletion, pollution

Question 3

Decomposition of animal manure

Answer 3

Primary gas source from CAFOs

Question 4

CAFOs gas emissions

Answer 4

Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, particulate matter

Question 5

IPAT formula

Answer 5

I = P × A × T

Question 6

Clear-cutting

Answer 6

All trees cut at once

Question 7

Edge effect

Answer 7

Environmental changes at boundaries

Question 8

Forest edges

Answer 8

Created by harvesting/clear-cutting

Question 9

Tree canopies

Answer 9

Provide shade, cool/moist ground

Question 10

Deforestation

Answer 10

Forest to non-forest land use

Question 11

Agricultural productivity

Answer 11

More output, less input

Question 12

Desertification

Answer 12

Cropland to desert

Question 13

Overgrazing

Answer 13

Plant re-grazed before root recovery

Question 14

Fertilizers

Answer 14

Nutrients for plant growth

Question 15

Inorganic fertilizers

Answer 15

Mined/synthetic nutrients

Question 16

Organic fertilizers

Answer 16

Bone meal, compost, manure, seaweed

Question 17

GMOs

Answer 17

Foods with altered DNA

Question 18

Genetic engineering

Answer 18

Introduce/control traits

Question 19

Rangelands

Answer 19

Grazed grasslands/deserts

Question 20

Slash-and-burn

Answer 20

Cut and burn vegetation

Question 21

Soil erosion

Answer 21

Movement of soil by water/wind

Question 22

Soil degradation

Answer 22

Soil decline from poor use

Question 23

Salinization

Answer 23

Salts left after evaporation

Question 24

Waterlogging

Answer 24

Saturated soil, rising water table

Question 25

Tillage

Answer 25

Plowing soil before planting

Question 26

Irrigation

Answer 26

Controlled watering of crops

Question 27

Ditch irrigation

Answer 27

Water in dug rows

Question 28

Drip irrigation

Answer 28

Water drips to root zone

Question 29

Flood irrigation

Answer 29

Water flows over fields

Question 30

Furrow irrigation

Answer 30

Water in parallel channels

Question 31

Spray irrigation

Answer 31

Overhead sprinklers or guns

Question 32

Pesticides

Answer 32

Pest control chemicals

Question 33

Integrated Pest Management

Answer 33

Combined pest control strategy

Question 34

Biological pesticides

Answer 34

Use living organisms

Question 35

Carbamates

Answer 35

Affect pest nervous system

Question 36

Fumigants

Answer 36

Sterilize soil, grain

Question 37

Inorganic pesticides

Answer 37

Contain arsenic, copper, lead, mercury

Question 38

Organic pesticides

Answer 38

Natural plant-based poisons

Question 39

Organophosphates

Answer 39

Toxic, short-lived

Question 40

POPs

Answer 40

Persist in fat tissues

Question 41

Pesticide resistance

Answer 41

Less pest susceptibility

Question 42

Pest species

Answer 42

Evolve resistance by selection

Question 43

Pesticide treadmill

Answer 43

More pesticide use over time

Question 44

Intercropping

Answer 44

Multiple crops together

Question 45

Polyculture

Answer 45

Mixed crops/animals

Question 46

Genetic resistance

Answer 46

Pest genes resist pesticide

Question 47

CAFO

Answer 47

Animal feeding >45 days/year

Question 48

Aquaculture

Answer 48

Fish farming

Question 49

Mining

Answer 49

Extract minerals

Question 50

Dredging

Answer 50

Mine underwater (e.g., gold)

Question 51

In situ

Answer 51

Inject solvent to extract

Question 52

Mountaintop removal

Answer 52

Remove peaks for coal

Question 53

Open pit

Answer 53

Mine surface ore

Question 54

Strip mining

Answer 54

Expose coal by removing soil

Question 55

Blast mining

Answer 55

Explosives break seam

Question 56

Longwall mining

Answer 56

Rotating drum cuts seam

Question 57

Room and pillar

Answer 57

Leave pillars to support roof

Question 58

Urbanization

Answer 58

People move to cities

Question 59

Urban sprawl

Answer 59

Suburban spread

Question 60

Job sprawl

Answer 60

Employment shifts to suburbs

Question 61

Single-use development

Answer 61

Separated land uses

Question 62

Smart growth

Answer 62

Mixed-use, compact, walkable

Question 63

Mixed-use planning

Answer 63

Combine multiple land uses

Question 64

Urban development

Answer 64

Shape cities/towns sustainably

Question 65

Urban runoff

Answer 65

Rainwater from paved areas

Question 66

Ecological footprint

Answer 66

Human demand on ecosystems

Question 67

Sustainability

Answer 67

Resource balance for coexistence

Question 68

Sustainable agriculture

Answer 68

Efficient, eco-friendly farming

Question 69

Contour plowing

Answer 69

Plow along land contours

Question 70

No-till agriculture

Answer 70

No plowing, residue stays

Question 71

Perennial crops

Answer 71

Live multiple years

Question 72

Strip cropping

Answer 72

Alternating crop strips

Question 73

Terracing

Answer 73

Flat steps on slopes

Question 74

Windbreaks

Answer 74

Tree rows block wind

Question 75

Single-family homes

Answer 75

Large-lot, spaced housing

Question 76

Mining types

Answer 76

Underground, strip, open pit, etc.

Question 77

First Green Revolution

Answer 77

Inorganic inputs, irrigation, HYVs

Question 78

Second Agricultural Revolution

Answer 78

Mid-1980s: GMOs, free trade

Question 79

Third Agricultural Revolution

Answer 79

Mechanization, affordable food

Question 80

Third Ag methods

Answer 80

Biotech, GMOs, sustainability

Question 81

Second Ag Revolution (part 1)

Answer 81

Mechanization, soil, crop advances

Question 82

Second Ag Revolution (part 2)

Answer 82

Banking, seed drill, railroads

Question 83

First Agricultural Revolution

Answer 83

Domestication of plants/animals