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AP PSYCH REVIEW 2024 > UNIT 5: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > Flashcards

UNIT 5: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Prototype

A

Mental image or the best example of a specific concept.

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2
Q

Convergent Thinking “Logic”

A

Focuses on coming up with the single, well established answer to problem

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3
Q

Divergent Thinking “Imagination”

A

Exploring many possible solutions (creativity).

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4
Q

PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES

A
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5
Q

Trail and Error

A

Trying a number of different solutions and ruling out those that do not work

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6
Q

Algorithms

A

Set of step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem

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7
Q

Heuristics

A

Educated guess based of prior experiences (mental shortcuts).

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8
Q

Representative Heuristics

A

Comparing present situation to most representative mental prototype

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9
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

Decisions on examples and information that immediately spring to mind

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10
Q

OBSTACLES TO PROBLEM SOLVING

A
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11
Q

Mental Set

A

People use solutions that have worked in the past

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12
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

View problems only in their usual manner

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13
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate our own knowledge, skill, or judgement

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14
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

“I-Knew-It-All-Along” view events as more predictable then they really are

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15
Q

Framing

A

The acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus.

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16
Q

INTELLIGENCE

A
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17
Q

Alfred Binet

A

French psychologist invented first practical IQ tests

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18
Q

G Factor

A

(General Intelligence Factor that underlies all intelligent activity) Charles Spearman

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19
Q

How do you calculate IQ?

A

IQ=mental age/chronological age*100

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20
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Ability to reason think flexibly (diminish with adult aging)

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21
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Accumulation of knowledge, facts/skills (increase with age).

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22
Q

Howard Gardner

A

Theory of Multiple Intelligences (8 distinct types)
Visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, musical-rhythmic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic and bodily-kinesthetic.

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23
Q

Wechsler Intelligence
Scales (WAIS)

A

Intelligence
was made up a number of
different mental abilities
rather than a single
general intelligence factor

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24
Q

Flynn Effect

A

IQ scores
have been rising

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25
Achievement Tests
Designed to measure person’s level of skill/knowledge in a specific area
26
Aptitude Tests
Assess what a person is capable of doing or to predict
27
Reliability “Consistency”
Tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people
28
Test-Retest Reliability
*Best for Intelligence, administering a test twice at two different points in time
29
Split-Half Reliability
Comparing the results of one half of a test with the results from the other half
30
Validity
The degree in which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure
31
Content Validity
Test measures all aspects of what it is designed to measure
32
Predictive
Test accurately forecasts performance on a future measure
33
Normal Distribution
Bell-shaped curve in which the majority of scores lie near or around the average score
34
Recall
Being able to access the information without being cued (fill in the blank test without word bank)
35
Recognition
Identifying information after experiencing it again (multiple choice test)
36
Relearning
The process by which we learn something for the second time. This learning process often occurs faster than the first time (study for cumulative final)
37
Encoding
The process of putting information into the memory system
38
Storage
The creation of a permanent record of the encoded information
39
Retrieval
The calling back of stored information on demand when it is needed
40
Iconic Memory
Visual
41
Echoic Memory
Auditory
42
Haptic Memory
Touch
43
Maintenance Rehearsal
Straight repeating of information in order to memorize it
44
Chunking
Process of taking individual pieces of information (chunks) and grouping them into larger units
45
Working Memory
System in your brain that allows you to temporarily retain and manipulate the stored information involved in a complex process
46
What did George Miller discover?
Number of items a person can remember and repeat back using attention and short-term memory (George Miller)
47
Implicit “Unconscious” Memory
Information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly
48
Procedural Memories
How to perform a specific task
49
Explicit “Conscious” Memory
Information that you have to consciously work to remember
50
Semantic Memory “Facts”
Memories of facts, concepts, names, and other general knowledge
51
Episodic Memory “Events”
Long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences
52
Prospective Memory
Remembering to complete a task in the future
53
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
Strengthening of a synaptic connection that happens when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron (Kandel & Schwartz)
54
Forgetting Curve
The exponential loss of information shortly after learning it (Hermann Ebbinghaus)
55
TYPES OF AMNESIA (FULL OR PARTIAL LOSS OF MEMORY)
56
Retrograde Amnesia
Cannot remember things that happened before the event that caused their amnesia
57
Anterograde Amnesia
Condition in which a person is unable to create new memories after an amnesia-inducing event
58
Serial Position Effect
When we ry to retrieve a long list of words we usually recall the last words (recency effect) and first words best (primary effect), forgetting the words in the middle
59
Encoding Failure
Occurs when a memory was never formed in the first place (without effort, many memories never form)
60
Proactive (Previous) interference
Older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories
61
Retroactive (Recent) interference
Newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories
62
Flashbulb Memory
Vivid and detailed memories that people create during times of personal tragedy, accident, or emotionally significant world events
63
Elizabeth Loftus (1944)
Extensive research on memory construction and false memories and how memory is changeable, it is not always accurate
64
Misinformation effect
Exposed to misleading information we tend to misremember
65
Method of Loci
Association of words on a list with visualization of places on a familiar path
66
Context Dependent Memory
Easier Recall of information while in the same “context” of environment in which it was acquired
67
State Dependent Memory
Memories that are triggered or enhanced by a person's current mood because of the relationship to memories formed when you were in a similar state

AP PSYCH REVIEW 2024 (13 decks)

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