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AP PSYCH REVIEW 2024 > UNIT 5: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > Flashcards

UNIT 5: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Prototype

A

Mental image or the best example of a specific concept.

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2
Q

Convergent Thinking “Logic”

A

Focuses on coming up with the single, well established answer to problem

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3
Q

Divergent Thinking “Imagination”

A

Exploring many possible solutions (creativity).

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4
Q

PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES

A
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5
Q

Trail and Error

A

Trying a number of different solutions and ruling out those that do not work

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6
Q

Algorithms

A

Set of step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem

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7
Q

Heuristics

A

Educated guess based of prior experiences (mental shortcuts).

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8
Q

Representative Heuristics

A

Comparing present situation to most representative mental prototype

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9
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

Decisions on examples and information that immediately spring to mind

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10
Q

OBSTACLES TO PROBLEM SOLVING

A
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11
Q

Mental Set

A

People use solutions that have worked in the past

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12
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

View problems only in their usual manner

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13
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate our own knowledge, skill, or judgement

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14
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

“I-Knew-It-All-Along” view events as more predictable then they really are

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15
Q

Framing

A

The acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus.

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16
Q

INTELLIGENCE

A
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17
Q

Alfred Binet

A

French psychologist invented first practical IQ tests

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18
Q

G Factor

A

(General Intelligence Factor that underlies all intelligent activity) Charles Spearman

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19
Q

How do you calculate IQ?

A

IQ=mental age/chronological age*100

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20
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Ability to reason think flexibly (diminish with adult aging)

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21
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Accumulation of knowledge, facts/skills (increase with age).

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22
Q

Howard Gardner

A

Theory of Multiple Intelligences (8 distinct types)
Visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, musical-rhythmic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic and bodily-kinesthetic.

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23
Q

Wechsler Intelligence
Scales (WAIS)

A

Intelligence
was made up a number of
different mental abilities
rather than a single
general intelligence factor

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24
Q

Flynn Effect

A

IQ scores
have been rising

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25
Q

Achievement Tests

A

Designed to measure
person’s level of
skill/knowledge in a
specific area

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26
Q

Aptitude Tests

A

Assess what a person is capable
of doing or to predict

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27
Q

Reliability “Consistency”

A

Tendency of a test to
produce the same scores
again and again each
time it is given to the
same people

28
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

*Best for Intelligence, administering a test twice
at two different points in
time

29
Q

Split-Half Reliability

A

Comparing the results of
one half of a test with the
results from the other half

30
Q

Validity

A

The degree in which a test actually measures what it’s
supposed to measure

31
Q

Content Validity

A

Test measures all aspects of
what it is designed to
measure

32
Q

Predictive

A

Test accurately forecasts performance on a future measure

33
Q

Normal Distribution

A

Bell-shaped curve in which
the majority of scores lie near
or around the average score

34
Q

Recall

A

Being able to access
the information without
being cued (fill in the blank
test without word bank)

35
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying
information after
experiencing it again
(multiple choice test)

36
Q

Relearning

A

The process by
which we learn something
for the second time. This
learning process often
occurs faster than the first
time (study for cumulative
final)

37
Q

Encoding

A

The process of
putting information into
the memory system

38
Q

Storage

A

The creation of a
permanent record of the
encoded information

39
Q

Retrieval

A

The calling back
of stored information on
demand when it is needed

40
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Visual

41
Q

Echoic Memory

A

Auditory

42
Q

Haptic Memory

A

Touch

43
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Straight repeating of
information in order to
memorize it

44
Q

Chunking

A

Process of taking
individual pieces of
information (chunks) and
grouping them into larger
units

45
Q

Working Memory

A

System in your brain that allows
you to temporarily retain
and manipulate the stored
information involved in a
complex process

46
Q

What did George Miller discover?

A

Number of items a person
can remember and repeat
back using attention and
short-term memory
(George Miller)

47
Q

Implicit “Unconscious”
Memory

A

Information that
you remember
unconsciously and
effortlessly

48
Q

Procedural Memories

A

How to perform a specific
task

49
Q

Explicit “Conscious”
Memory

A

Information that
you have to consciously
work to remember

50
Q

Semantic Memory
“Facts”

A

Memories of facts,
concepts, names, and
other general knowledge

51
Q

Episodic Memory
“Events”

A

Long-term
memory that involves the
recollection of specific
events, situations, and
experiences

52
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Remembering to
complete a task in the
future

53
Q

Long-Term Potentiation
(LTP)

A

Strengthening of a
synaptic connection that
happens when the
synapse of one neuron
repeatedly fires and
excites another neuron
(Kandel & Schwartz)

54
Q

Forgetting Curve

A

The exponential loss of
information shortly after
learning it (Hermann
Ebbinghaus)

55
Q

TYPES OF AMNESIA (FULL OR PARTIAL LOSS OF MEMORY)

A
56
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Cannot remember things
that happened before the
event that caused their
amnesia

57
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Condition in which a
person is unable to create
new memories after an
amnesia-inducing event

58
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

When we ry to retrieve a
long list of words we
usually recall the last
words (recency effect) and
first words best (primary
effect), forgetting the
words in the middle

59
Q

Encoding Failure

A

Occurs
when a memory was
never formed in the first
place (without effort,
many memories never
form)

60
Q

Proactive (Previous)
interference

A

Older memories interfere with
the retrieval of newer
memories

61
Q

Retroactive (Recent)
interference

A

Newer memories interfere with
the retrieval of older
memories

62
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Vivid and detailed memories that people create during times
of personal tragedy,
accident, or emotionally
significant world events

63
Q

Elizabeth Loftus (1944)

A

Extensive research on
memory construction and
false memories and how
memory is changeable, it is
not always accurate

64
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Exposed to misleading
information we tend to
misremember

65
Q

Method of Loci

A

Association of words on a list with visualization of places on a
familiar path

66
Q

Context Dependent
Memory

A

Easier Recall of
information while in the
same “context” of
environment in which it
was acquired

67
Q

State Dependent Memory

A

Memories that are
triggered or enhanced by a
person’s current mood
because of the relationship
to memories formed when
you were in a similar state

AP PSYCH REVIEW 2024 (13 decks)

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