UNIT 4: LEARNING

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response

Question 2

Acquisition

Answer 2

The process of pairing the UCS (unconditioned stimulus) with the US (conditioned stimulus).

Question 3

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS/US)

Answer 3

Something that triggers a naturally occurring response.

Question 4

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 4

Neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 5

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 5

Naturally occurring response that follows the unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 6

The acquired response to the formally neutral stimulus.

Question 7

Extinciton

Answer 7

Conditioned response decreases or disappears (no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus)

Question 8

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 8

Return of previously extinct conditioned response after a rest period.

Question 9

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 9

Conditioned stimulus may evoke similar responses after the response as been conditioned.

Question 10

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 10

The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli.

Question 11

Operant Conditioning

Answer 11

Learning through rewards and punishments for behavior

Question 12

Reinforcing Stimulus

Answer 12

Strengthens or increases the behavior it follows

Question 13

Positive Reinforcement (+)

Answer 13

Add something good, behavior increases as a result

Question 14

Negative Reinforcement (-)

Answer 14

Remove something bad, behavior increases as a result.

Question 15

Punishment Stimulus

Answer 15

Presentation of an negative consequence that causes a decrease in that behavior

Question 16

Positive Punishment (+)

Answer 16

Add something bad, behavior decreases

Question 17

Negative Punishment (-)

Answer 17

Remove something good, behavior decreases

Question 18

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Answer 18

Timing of how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 19

Fixed Ratio

Answer 19

Response is reinforced only after a specific of responses.

Question 20

Variable-Ratio Schedules

Answer 20

Response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 21

Fixed-Interval Schedules

Answer 21

Responses is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.

Question 22

Variable-Interval Schedules

Answer 22

Response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed.

Question 23

Observational Learning

Answer 23

Process of watching other then later imitating the behaviors that were observed

Question 24

Latent Learning

Answer 24

One can learn something but not show the behavior right away.

Question 25

Insight Learning

Answer 25

Sudden realization of the problem’s solution that “just came to you”(Kohler)

Question 26

Learned Helplessness

Answer 26

Organism becomes helpless after learning they have no ability to change the outcome (Seligman).