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AP PSYCH REVIEW 2024 > UNIT 7: MOTIVATION, EMOTION,PERSONALITY > Flashcards

UNIT 7: MOTIVATION, EMOTION,PERSONALITY Flashcards

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1
Q

Instinct Theory

A

“The Evolutionary Perspective”
People are motivated to
behave in certain ways
because they are
evolutionarily/genetically
programmed to do so
with survival instincts

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2
Q

Incentive Theory

A

We are pulled into action
by—positive or negative—
outside incentives

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3
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Increased arousal can
help improve
performance, but only up
to a certain point. At the
point when arousal
becomes excessive,
performance diminishes

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4
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs

A

Abraham Maslow
suggested that people
are motivated by a
hierarchy of needs
● Bottom-Up, Psychological
needs, safety needs,
belongingness & love
needs, esteem needs, self
actualization

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5
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Is a person’s belief in their
ability to succeed in a
particular situation

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6
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Most of the
biological feeling of hunger
comes from this brain
structure

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7
Q

Lateral hypothalamus
(LH) “Hungry”

A

The “on”
button for eating. If
stimulated, causes you to
feel hunger

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8
Q

Ventromedial
hypothalamus (VMH)
“Full”

A

The “off” button for
eating. when stimulated,
makes you feel full

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9
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Behavior that is driven by
internal rewards
(autonomy, mastery,
purpose)

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10
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Behavior that is driven by
external rewards such as
money, fame, grades, and
praise

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11
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

Phenomenon in which
being rewarded for doing
something actually
diminishes intrinsic
motivation to perform that
action

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12
Q

Approach-Approach
Conflict

A

Conflict within a
person where he or she
needs to decide between
two appealing goals

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13
Q

Avoidance-Avoidance
Conflict

A

Making a decision
between two equally
undesirable choices

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14
Q

Approach-Avoidance
Conflict

A

Conflict involves
making decisions about
situations that have both
positive and negative
consequences

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15
Q

Sexual Response Cycle
(William Masters &
Virginia Johnson 1966)

A

Stages humans go through
during sexual interaction

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16
Q

Display Rule

A

A social group or culture’s informal norms about how to
appropriately express
emotions

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17
Q

Common-Sense Theory

A

Theory in which a
stimulus leads to an
emotion, which then leads
to bodily arousal through
the autonomic nervous
system

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18
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Emotions occur as a result
of physiological reactions
to events

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19
Q

Facial Feedback
Hypothesis

A

Facial
expressions are connected
to experiencing emotions

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20
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of
Emotions

A

Suggests that
the physical and
psychological experience
of emotion happen at the
same time and that one
does not cause the other

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21
Q

Schachter-Singer
Two-Factor Theory

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A

The physiological arousal
occurs first, and then the
individual must identify
the reason for this arousal
to experience and label it
as an emotion

22
Q

Distress

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A

Occurs when
people experience
unpleasant and
undesirable stressors.

23
Q

General Adaptation
Syndrome (GAS)

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A

Researched by Hans
Selye, the three stages of
the bodies psychological
reaction to stress

24
Q
  1. ALARM, RESISTANCE,EXHAUSTION
25
Locus of Control
Refers to the extent to which people feel that they have control over the events that influence their lives
26
Internal Locus of Control
You believe that you have control over what happens
27
External Locus of Control
Blame outside forces for their circumstances
28
Psychoanalytic Theories
Sigmund Freud developed theory of personality development
29
Id
Part of the human personality that is made up of all our inborn biological urges that seeks out immediate gratification (pleasure principle)
30
Ego
The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality (reality principle)
31
Superego
The part of personality that, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations (morality principle)
32
Defense mechanisms
Freud proposed that the ego protects itself with tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality
33
DEFENSE MECHANISM
34
Repression
Acts to keep information out of conscious awareness
35
Displacement
Involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening
36
Projection
Involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people
37
Regression
When confronted by stressful events, people sometimes abandon coping strategies and revert to patterns of behavior used earlier in development
38
Denial
Functions to protect the ego from things with which the individual cannot cope
39
Rationalization
Involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior
40
Reaction-Formation
Reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse, or behavior
41
Carl Jung
Thought all people shared a collective unconscious. Common collection of images that we have gained together as human beings from our ancestral & evolutionary past
42
Alfred Adler
People compensate for inferiority complexes based on inadequacies
43
Karen Horney
Horney feminist perspective to psychoanalytic theory
44
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
45
Rorschach Inkblot Test (Hermann Rorschach)
The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, During the test, participants are shown the inkblots and asked what each one looks like
46
Reciprocal Determinism
Albert Bandura proposed that the person, environment, and behavior interact to determine patterns of behavior and thus personality
47
Raymond Cattell’s 16 Traits
16 traits are the source of all human personality
48
Factor analysis
He identified closely related terms and eventually reduced his list to just 16 key personality traits
49
The Big Five Personality Factors
Model of personality traits, many researchers believe that they are five core personality traits ● Openness to Experience, tendency to appreciate new art, ideas, values, feelings and behaviors ● Conscientiousness tendency to be careful, on-time for appointments, to follow rules, and to be hardworking ● Extraversion, tendency to be talkative, sociable, and to enjoy others ● Agreeableness tendency to agree and go along with others rather than to assert one’s own opinions & choices ● Neuroticism tendency to frequently experience negative emotions
50
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
The most widely used and researched clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals to help diagnose mental health disorders
51
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Self-report inventory designed to identify a person's personality type, strengths, and preferences

AP PSYCH REVIEW 2024 (13 decks)

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