UNIT 6: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

Question 1

Longitudinal

Answer 1

Study follows the same group of
people over a period of
time from months to
many years in order to
evaluate changes in those
individuals

Question 2

Cross-Sectional

Answer 2

Type of study in which people of
different ages are
examined at the same
time(s)

Question 3

Cross-Sequential

Answer 3

Individuals in a
cross-sectional sample are
tested more than once
over a specified period of
time

Question 4

ERIK ERIKSON PSYCHOLOGICAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Answer 4

1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy
   (independence) vs
   Shame/Doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
   Am I good or bad?
4. Industry (sense of pride
   and accomplishment) vs.
   Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
   Who am I?
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
   Will I be loved or will I be
   alone?
7. Generativity (contribute to
   the next generation) vs.
   Stagnation (little
   connection to others)

Question 5

Ego Integrity

Answer 5

(Sense of
satisfaction while
reflecting on life) vs.
Despair (sense of failure)

Question 6

Teratogen

Answer 6

Any non genetic agent that
produces birth defects at
exposures that commonly
occur

Question 7

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
(FAS)

Answer 7

Includes physical, cognitive, and
psychological abnormalities that result from consuming alcohol
during pregnancy

Question 8

Maturation

Answer 8

Genetic growth tendencies are
inborn, determined by
genetic makeup

Question 9

Maturation

Answer 9

Sets the basic
course of development;
experience adjusts it

Question 10

Harry Harlow

Answer 10

Psychologist, conducted
studies of attachment and
the importance of contact
comfort

Question 11

STRANGE SITUATION EXPERIMENTS

Question 12

Secure Attachment

Answer 12

Infants explore, display
high stranger anxiety, easy
to calm/enthusiastic on
return to the caregiver

Question 13

Avoidant (Insecure)
Attachment

Answer 13

Infants explore, low stranger
anxiety, unconcerned by
separation and avoid
contact at return of
caregiver

Question 14

Anxious-Ambivalent
Attachment

Answer 14

Unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by
separation and seek and
reject contact on return of
the caregiver

Question 15

AINSWORTH STUDIES

Answer 15

Securely attached
children comprised the
majority of the sample.

Question 16

3 PARENTING STYLES OF DIANA BAUMRIND

Question 17

Authoritarian

Answer 17

Restrictive parenting style.This style of parenting allows for little
discussion or explanation of
the firm controls placed on
the child.

Question 18

Permissive Parenting

Answer 18

Style that is characterized by
having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to
parenting that is more like
a friend than a parent

Question 19

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 19

Style that is child-centered,
in that parents closely
interact with their children,
while maintaining high
expectations for behavior
and performance, as well as
a firm adherence to
schedules and discipline.

Question 20

JEAN PIAGET COGNITVIE DEVELOPMENT

Question 21

Assimilation

Answer 21

Interpreting
our new experience in
terms of our existing
schemas

Question 22

Accommodation

Answer 22

Adapting our current understandings
(schemas) to incorporate
new information

Question 23

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 23

Birth to 2, infants use senses and motor abilities to learn
about the world

Question 24

Object Permanence

Answer 24

A child’s ability to understand
that objects still exist after
they are no longer in sight

Question 25

Preoperational Stage

Answer 25

The stage (2 to 6 or 7) during
which a child learns to use
language

Question 26

Babbling stage

Answer 26

Beginning at 4 months, vocalizes
various sounds “ba-ba-ba”

Question 27

One-Word Stage

Answer 27

Ages one and two, child speaks
mostly in single words “Car”

Question 28

Egocentrism

Answer 28

Inability on the part of a child in the preoperational stage of
development to see any
point of view other than
their own

Question 29

Conservation

Answer 29

The principle that properties
such as mass, volume, and
number remain the same
despite changes in the
forms of objects

Question 30

Concrete Operational
Stage

Answer 30

(from about 6 or 7
to 11 years of age) during
which children gain the
mental operations that
enable them to think
logically about concrete
events

Question 31

Formal Operational
Stage

Answer 31

(normally
beginning about age 12)
during which people
begin to think logically
about abstract concepts

Question 32

Lev Vygotsky,

Answer 32

developed a
theory of how the child’s mind
grows through interaction
with the social environment.

Question 33

Zone of Proximal
Development (ZPD)

Answer 33

Range between the level
at which a child can solve
a problem working along
with difficulty, and the
level at which a child can
solve a problem with the
assistance of adults or
more-skilled children

Question 34

Scaffolding

Answer 34

Process in which a more skilled
learner, gives help to a less
skilled learner, reducing
the amount of help as the
less skilled learner
becomes more capable

Question 35

Gender Identity

Answer 35

The individual’s sense
(psychological) of being
male or female, both, or
neither from cultural and
social expectations

Question 36

Gender Roles

Answer 36

Set of expectations held by
society about the ways in
which men and women
are supposed to behave
based on their gender

Question 37

Synaptic Pruning

Answer 37

Selective removal of
unnecessary neurons and
connections to improve
brain efficiency (during
puberty)

Question 38

Adolescent Egocentrism

Answer 38

Heightened self-consciousness, belief that others are as
interested in them as they
are themselves, their sense of personal uniqueness and
invulnerability

Question 39

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 39

Development of moral
reasoning:
Level 1 Preconventional,
values in external events
○ Stage 1, punishment
avoidance
○ Stage 2: “Getting what
you want” by trade-off
● Level 2 Conventional,
performing right roles
○ Stage 3, Meeting
expectations of others
○ Stage 4, Fulfilling
duties & upholding
laws
● Level 3 Postconventional,
shared standards, rights
and duties
○ Stage 5, sense of
democracy
○ Stage 6, self-selection
of universal principles