UNIT 6: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

Question 1

Longitudinal

Answer 1

Study follows the same group of
people over a period of
time from months to
many years in order to
evaluate changes in those
individuals

Question 2

Cross-Sectional

Answer 2

Type of study in which people of
different ages are
examined at the same
time(s)

Question 3

Cross-Sequential

Answer 3

Individuals in a
cross-sectional sample are
tested more than once
over a specified period of
time

Question 4

ERIK ERIKSON PSYCHOLOGICAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Answer 4

1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy
   (independence) vs
   Shame/Doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
   Am I good or bad?
4. Industry (sense of pride
   and accomplishment) vs.
   Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
   Who am I?
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
   Will I be loved or will I be
   alone?
7. Generativity (contribute to
   the next generation) vs.
   Stagnation (little
   connection to others)

Question 5

Ego Integrity

Answer 5

(Sense of
satisfaction while
reflecting on life) vs.
Despair (sense of failure)

Question 6

Teratogen

Answer 6

Any non genetic agent that
produces birth defects at
exposures that commonly
occur

Question 7

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
(FAS)

Answer 7

Includes physical, cognitive, and
psychological abnormalities that result from consuming alcohol
during pregnancy

Question 8

Maturation

Answer 8

Genetic growth tendencies are
inborn, determined by
genetic makeup

Question 9

Maturation

Answer 9

Sets the basic
course of development;
experience adjusts it

Question 10

Harry Harlow

Answer 10

Psychologist, conducted
studies of attachment and
the importance of contact
comfort

Question 11

STRANGE SITUATION EXPERIMENTS

Question 12

Secure Attachment

Answer 12

Infants explore, display
high stranger anxiety, easy
to calm/enthusiastic on
return to the caregiver

Question 13

Avoidant (Insecure)
Attachment

Answer 13

Infants explore, low stranger
anxiety, unconcerned by
separation and avoid
contact at return of
caregiver

Question 14

Anxious-Ambivalent
Attachment

Answer 14

Unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by
separation and seek and
reject contact on return of
the caregiver

Question 15

AINSWORTH STUDIES

Answer 15

Securely attached
children comprised the
majority of the sample.

Question 16

3 PARENTING STYLES OF DIANA BAUMRIND

Question 17

Authoritarian

Answer 17

Restrictive parenting style.This style of parenting allows for little
discussion or explanation of
the firm controls placed on
the child.

Question 18

Permissive Parenting

Answer 18

Style that is characterized by
having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to
parenting that is more like
a friend than a parent

Question 19

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 19

Style that is child-centered,
in that parents closely
interact with their children,
while maintaining high
expectations for behavior
and performance, as well as
a firm adherence to
schedules and discipline.

Question 20

JEAN PIAGET COGNITVIE DEVELOPMENT

Question 21

Assimilation

Answer 21

Interpreting
our new experience in
terms of our existing
schemas

Question 22

Accommodation

Answer 22

Adapting our current understandings
(schemas) to incorporate
new information

Question 23

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 23

Birth to 2, infants use senses and motor abilities to learn
about the world

Question 24

Object Permanence

Answer 24

A child’s ability to understand
that objects still exist after
they are no longer in sight

Question 25

Preoperational Stage

Answer 25

The stage (2 to 6 or 7) during which a child learns to use language

Question 26

Babbling stage

Answer 26

Beginning at 4 months, vocalizes various sounds “ba-ba-ba”

Question 27

One-Word Stage

Answer 27

Ages one and two, child speaks mostly in single words “Car”

Question 28

Egocentrism

Answer 28

Inability on the part of a child in the preoperational stage of development to see any point of view other than their own

Question 29

Conservation

Answer 29

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Question 30

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 30

(from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Question 31

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 31

(normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Question 32

Lev Vygotsky,

Answer 32

developed a theory of how the child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment.

Question 33

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Answer 33

Range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working along with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or more-skilled children

Question 34

Scaffolding

Answer 34

Process in which a more skilled learner, gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

Question 35

Gender Identity

Answer 35

The individual's sense (psychological) of being male or female, both, or neither from cultural and social expectations

Question 36

Gender Roles

Answer 36

Set of expectations held by society about the ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender

Question 37

Synaptic Pruning

Answer 37

Selective removal of unnecessary neurons and connections to improve brain efficiency (during puberty)

Question 38

Adolescent Egocentrism

Answer 38

Heightened self-consciousness, belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves, their sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability

Question 39

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 39

Development of moral reasoning: Level 1 Preconventional, values in external events ○ Stage 1, punishment avoidance ○ Stage 2: “Getting what you want” by trade-off ● Level 2 Conventional, performing right roles ○ Stage 3, Meeting expectations of others ○ Stage 4, Fulfilling duties & upholding laws ● Level 3 Postconventional, shared standards, rights and duties ○ Stage 5, sense of democracy ○ Stage 6, self-selection of universal principles