UNIT 5: INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
The branch of pharmacology that concerns the study, regulation, and treatment of adverse effects in humans resulting from exposure to chemicals encountered at work or in the general environment.
A
Toxicology
2
Q
How do we get exposed to such chemicals?
A
- Environment (air, water, soil, food)
- Occupational
- Most common chemicals (used in households, personal care, consumer products)
3
Q
What variables affect the extent of the effect of the toxic chemicals?
A
- Dose
- Duration of exposure
- Vulnerability of individuals
4
Q
What are the most commonly affected system/organs of these chemicals?
A
- Central nervous system
- Liver (hepatotoxicity), kidneys (nephrotoxicity)
- Reproductive system (teratogenic effects)
5
Q
Deals with the effects of chemicals in the workplace.
A
Occupational Toxicology
6
Q
The amount of exposure to a given agent that is deemed safe for a stated time period.
A
Threshold limit value
7
Q
Deals with the deleterious impact of chemical pollutants in the environment, on living organisms, or to the ecosystem itself.
A
Ecotoxicology
8
Q
Deals with the effects of agents found in the environment.
A
Environmental toxicology
9
Q
The ability of a chemical agent to cause injury/disease in a given situation or setting.
A
Hazard
10
Q
Expected frequency of the occurrence of an undesirable effect; the likelihood of harm taking place.
A
Risk
11
Q
Hazard + exposure equates to?
A
Risk
12
Q
What is the route of exposure in industrial settings?
A
Inhalational > Transdermal > Oral
13
Q
What is the route of exposure for water & soil pollutants?
A
Inhalational > Ingestion > Transdermal
14
Q
Exposure to a toxic substance that is absorbed by the target human or animal.
A
Dose
15
Q
Single/multiple exposure over a brief period of time.
A
Acute exposure
16
Q
Single/multiple exposure over a longer period of time
A
Chronic exposure
17
Q
What is the Hierarchy of Controls?
A
In order: (Most to least effective)
Elimination
Substitution
Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls
PPEs
18
Q
The increasing concentration of a substance in the environment that leads to accumulation in biologic tissues.
A
Bioaccumulation
19
Q
The concentration of the contaminant is magnified hundreds or thousands of times as the contaminant passes up the food chain.
A
Biomagnification
20
Q
An odorless, colorless, non-irritating gas which is a byproduct of incomplete combustion
Air Pollutants
A
Carbon monoxide
21
Q
What is the mechanism of action of CO?
Air Pollutants
A
Combining tightly but reversibly on oxygen-binding sites of hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin.
22
Q
True or False:
Oxygen has a higher affinity to hemoglobin than CO
Air Pollutants
A
False; CO has a higher affinity (220x higher affinity)
23
Q
What is the primary clinical effect of carbon monoxide poisoning?
Air Pollutants
A
Tissue hypoxia
24
Q
What clinical effect/s occurs when approximately 40% of hemoglobin has been converted to carboxyhemoglobin?
Air Pollutants
A
Collapse & syncope
25
Prolonged hypoxia due to carbon monoxide poisoning causes what?
| Air Pollutants
Irreversible damage to the brain and myocardium?
26
**True or False: **
Carbon monoxide have potential teratogenic effects
| Air Pollutants
True
## Footnote
Exposure at critical fetal developmental periods: fetal death/serious and irreversible but survivable birth defects
27
What is/are the recommended treatment options for carbon monoxide poisoning?
| Air Pollutants
Supportive treatment and oxygenation
| Supportive treatment - removal from source
28
__________ __________ accelerates the clearance of carbon monoxide
| Air Pollutants
Hyperbaric oxygen
29
A colorless, irritant gas formed from the combustion of fossil fuels
| Air Pollutants
Sulfur dioxide
30
What is the mechanism of action of sulfur dioxide?
| Air Pollutants
Forms **sulfurous acid** on contact with moist mucous membranes
31
What is/are the primary sign of exposure for sulfur dioxide?
| Air Pollutants
Conjunctival & bronchial irritation
32
What are the primary clinical effects of sulfur dioxide exposure?
| Air Pollutants
- eyes, nose, throat irritation
- reflex bronchroconstriction
- increased bronchial secretions
33
What are the primary treatment options for sulfur dioxide exposure?
| Air Pollutants
Supportive, non-specific
## Footnote
Non-specfic treatment includes: oxygenation, bronchodilation, use of mucolytics
34
A brownish, irritant gas associated with fires and silage on farms
| Air Pollutants
Nitrogen oxides
35
What is the mechanism of action for nitrogen oxide exposure?
| Air Pollutants
- acts as a deep lung irritant, affecting the **alveoli**,
- damaging the lung infrastructure producing the surfactant
- dissolving the surfactant itself
36
What is/are the primary clinical effect/s for nitrogen oxide exposure?
| Air Pollutants
Deep lung irritiation and pulmonary edema
37
Other names for nitrogen oxide exposure
| Air Pollutants
- Silo-Filler's Disease
- Non-allergic Asthma
- Twitchy-airway Disease
38
What is the chronic effect for nitrogen oxide exposure?
| Air Pollutants
Emphysematous changes
39
What is the treatment for nitrogen oxide exposure?
| Air Pollutants
Supportive, non-specifc
## Footnote
Measures to reduce inflammation and pulmonary edema are important
40
A bluish, irritant gas, found in air & water purification devices, eletrical fields and in the Earth's atmosphere.
| Air Pollutants
Ozone
41
What is the mechanism of action for ozone exposure?
| Air Pollutants
- Acts as an irritant of mucous memranes
- Formation of **reactive free radicals**
42
What are the primary clinical effects of ozone exposure?
| Air Pollutants
- Irritation and dryness of mucous membranes
- Decrease in pulmonary compliance
43
What are the acute clinical effects of ozone exposure?
| Air Pollutants
- Substernal pain
- Acure respiratory distress (ARDS)
44
What are the treatment options for ozone exposure?
| Air Pollutants
Supportive, non-specific
## Footnote
Measures to reduce inflammation and pulmonary edema are important
45
What are the two types of solvents encountered that may cause toxicity?
| Solvents
- Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
- Aromatic Hydrocarbons
46
True or False:
Do solvents contribute to air pollution?
| Solvents
True
47
Other name for halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons
| Solvents
Halohydrocarbons
48
What are examples of halohydrocarbons?
| Solvents
- Carbon tetrachloride
- Trichloroethylene
- Tetrachloroethylene
- 1,1,1-trichloroethane
- Chloroform
49
True or False:
Most halohydrocarbons are classified as known or probable human carcinogens
| Solvents
True
50
What is the primary clinical effect for halohydrocarbon poisoning?
| Solvents
CNS depression
51
What are the chronic clinical effects to halohydrocarbon poisoning?
| Solvents
hepatic toxicity, nephrotoxicity
52
What is the effect of long-term exposure to tetrachloroethylene/trichloroethane?
| Solvents
Peripheral neuropathy
53
What is the primary treatment options for halohydrocarbon poisoning?
| Solvents
Supportive, non-specific
54
What is the treatment option for peripheral neuropathy?
| Solvents
Vitamin B12 intake
55
What are examples of aromatic hydrocarbons?
| Solvents
- Benzene
- Toluene
- Xylene
56
What is the primary acute effect for exposure to any of the aromatic hydrocarbons?
| Solvents
CNS depression
57
True or False:
Toluene and Xylene are carcinogenic and myelotoxic
| Solvents
False
## Footnote
Only **benzene** is carcinogenic/myelotoxic
58
True or False:
Benzene is **not** a clastogen
| Solvents
False
59
A colorless, sweet-smelling agent
| Solvents
Xylene
60
What are the classifications of pesticides?
| Pesticides
- Organophosphates, Carbamates (Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors)
- Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (Organochlorates, DDT)
- Botanical Agents (Nicotine, Rotenone, Pyrethrum Alkaloids)
61
Chemicals in the environment that have estrogen-like/antiandrogenic activity or disrupt thyroid function.
Endocrine Disruptors
62
These agents are persistent, poorly metabolized, lipophilic chemcicals that exhibit significant bioaccumulation.
| Pesticides
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
63
Aryl, carbocylcic or herterocyclic compounds with chlorine substituents
| Pesticides
Organochlorine Pesticides
64
What is the mechanism of action for organochlorate exposure?
| Pesticides
Interfere with inactivation of the sodium channels, causing **rapid repetitive firing** in most neurons
65
What is the primary clinical effect for organochlorate exposure?
| Pesticides
Tremors
66
Examples of organochlorates
| Pesticides
- Paraquat dichloride
- DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
- Rotenone
- Pyrethrine I
67
What is the treatment option for organochlorate exposure?
| Pesticides
No specific treatment available
68
These are effective pesticides with **short environmental half-lives**, inexpensive, and are heavily used in agriculture.
| Pesticides
Cholinesterase inhibitors
69
What is the mechanism of action for cholinesterase inhibitors?
| Pesticides
- increase nicotine & muscarinic cholinergic activity
- inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity through **phosphorylation of the esteratic state**
70
What is/are the primary clinical effect/s for organophosphate exposure?
| Pesticides
M.U.D.D.L.E.S
## Footnote
miosis, urination, diarrhea, diaphoresis, lacrimation, excitation of the CNS, salivation
71
What is the most common cause of death from exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors?
| Pesticides
Respiratory failure
72
What is the treatment option for organophosphate exposure?
| Pesticides
Specific treatment: Pralidoxime & physostigmine
73
What drug is used to control muscarinic excess?
| Pesticides
Atropine
## Footnote
in large doses
74
What does pralidoxime do?
| Pesticides
Regenerate cholinesterase
75
# Enumerate
Botanical Pesticides (3)
Nicotine
Rotenone
Pyrethrum
76
What is the mechanism of action for nicotine?
| Pesticides
excitation, followed by paralysis of ganglionic, CNS and neuromuscular transmission.
77
A plant alkaloid pesticide
| Pesticides
Rotenone
78
What are the clinical effects of rotenone?
| Pesticides
Ingested: gastrointestinal distress
Direct contact: conjunctivitis and dermatitis
79
A **mixture of plant alkaloids** that causes **contact dermatitis** as its common toxic effect.
| Pesticides
Pyrethrum
80
What are the most important members of chlorophenoxy acids?
| Pesticides
- 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
81
What are the clinical effects after long term exposure to chlorophenoxy acids?
| Pesticides
muscle hypotonia and coma
82
What is the principal ingredient of weed killers?
| Pesticides
Glyphosate
83
What is the target of glyphosate in plants?
| Pesticides
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase
84
What is/are the primary clinical effects of glyphosate exposure?
| Pesticides
Significant eye and skin irritation
## Footnote
kahit i-skip niyo pa to e'
85
A bipyridyl herbicide
| Pesticides
Paraquat
86
What is/are the primary clinical effects of paraquat contact?
| Pesticides
None
## Footnote
Paraquat is only toxic when **ingested**
87
What is/are the primary clinical effects of paraquat **ingestion**?
| Pesticides
- Gastrointestinal irritation with **hematemesis** and **bloody stools**
- Pulmonary impairment to pulmonary fibrosis, leading to death
## Footnote
Hematemesis - vomiting blood
88
Chemical compounds that contribute to environmental pollution.
Environmental Pollutants
89
Highly halogenated biphenyl compounds that are poorly metabolized, lipophilic, and is highly persistent in the environment.
| Environmental Pollutants
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls
- Polybrominated Biphenyls
90
What is the primary source of PCB/PBB for humans?
| Environmental Pollutants
Food
91
What is the primary clinical effect of PCB/PBB toxicity?
| Environmental Pollutants
Dermatoxicity
92
What are the other clinical effects of PCB/PBB?
| Environmental Pollutants
- Potent endocrine disruptors
- Severe reproductive and teratogenic effects
93
These chemicals are used as:
- coolant material
- used as heat-, stain-, and stick-resistant coating
| Environmental Pollutants
Perfluorinated Compounds
94
A group of naturally occurring long, flexible mineral fibers most commonly contaning silicon; widely used in manufacturing and building
| Environmental Pollutants
Asbestos
95
True or False:
Asbestos is **poorly metabolized, lipophilic, and highly persistent in the environment.**
| Environmental Pollutants
True
96
What is/are the primary clinical effects of asbestos inhalation?
| Environmental Pollutants
- **asbestosis**
- mesothelioma
- lung cancer
97
True or False:
Asbestos has **no synergistic effect** with cigarette smoking & exposure to radon daughters.
| Environmental Pollutants
False
98
What are examples of toxic metals used in the industry?
| Metals
Beryllium and Cadmium
99
A **light alkaline metal** that enters through **inhalation**
| Metals
Beryllium
100
A **transitional metal** that is either inhaled or ingested
| Metals
Cadmium
101
What is/are the primary clinical effect/s of beryllium poisoning?
| Metals
- Progressive pulmonary fibrosis
- **Acute & Chronic Beryllium Disease**
102
What is/are the primary clinical effect/s of cadmium poisoning?
| Metals
- Progressive pulmonary fibrosis
- Renal failure
- **Cadmium Fume Fever**
103
What is the Carcinogen Classification of Cadmium & Beryllium
| Metals
Class 1 (Known carcinogen to humans)
104
Any material, natural or manufactured, bearing the size of at least 1 - 100 nm in size
| Metals
Nanomaterials
105
What is the route of exposure for nanomaterials?
| Metals
- Inhalation
- Oral
- Dermal
- Parenteral
106
True or False:
Nanomaterials cannot cross cellular membranes, penetrate nuclear material and genetic information
| Metals
False
## Footnote
Due to their small size, it is possible for nanomaterials to cross cellular membranes and dependent on the nanomaterial, can affect genetic material.
107
# Identify
Aldicarb
Aminocarb
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Dimetan
Dimetilan
Isolan
Methomyl
Pyramat
Pyrolan
Zectran
Carbamate Pesticides
108
# Enumerate
Herbicides (5)
Chlorophenoxy Acids
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
Glyphosate
Biphyridyl Pesticides (Paraquat)
109
# Enumerate
DDT and analogs
| Organochlorine Pesticides
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
Methoxychlor
Tetrachlorodiphenylethane (TDE)
110
# Enumerate
Benzene hexachlorides
| Organochlorine Pesticides
Benzene hexachloride (BHC)
Lindane
111
# Enumerate
Cyclodienes
| Organochlorine Pesticides
Aldrin
Chlordane
Dieldrin
Heptachlor
112
# Enumerate
Toxaphenes
| Organochlorine Pesticides
Toxaphene (camphechlor)
| lol
113
# Identify
Azinphos-methyl
Chlorfenvinphos
Diazinon
Dichlorvos
Fenitrothion
Malathion
Parathion
Parathion-methyl
Trichlorfon
Organophosphorous Pesticides
