Unit 6

Question 1

What amino acids must be obtained as a dietary protein?

Answer 1

Essential amino acids

Question 2

What amino acids are required to some degree in young, growing animals and/or sometimes during illness?

Answer 2

Conditionally essential

Question 3

Nonessential amino acids

Answer 3

Alanine

Asparagine

Aspartate

Glutamate

Serine

Question 4

Conditionally essential amino acids

Answer 4

Arginine

Cysteine

Glutamine

Glycine

Proline

Tyrosine

Question 5

Essential amino acids:

Answer 5

Histidine

Isoleucine

Leucine

Lysine

Methionine

Phenylalanine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Valine

Question 6

Foods with lysine as the limiting amino acid

Answer 6

Nuts and grains

Question 7

Foods with methionine as the limiting amino acid

Answer 7

Vegetables and legumes

Question 8

Intermediates of glycolysis

Answer 8

Pyruvate

3 phosphoglycerate

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Erythrose 4-phosphate

Question 9

Intemediates of citric acid cycle

Answer 9

Alpha-ketogluterate

Oxaloacetate

Question 10

Intermediate of penthouse phosphate pathway

Answer 10

Ribose 5-phosphate

Question 11

Amino acid biosynthetic families for alpha-ketogluterate

Answer 11

Glutamate

Glutamine

Proline

Arginine

Question 12

Amino acids families for 3-phosphoglycerate

Answer 12

Serine

Glycine

Cysteine

Question 13

Amino acid biosynthetic families for oxaloacetate

Answer 13

Aspartate

Asparagine

Methionine

Threonine

Lysine

Question 14

Amino acid biosynthetic families for pyruvate

Answer 14

Alanine

Valine

Leucine

Isoleucine

Question 15

Amino acid biosynthetic families for phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose 4-phosphate

Answer 15

Tryptophan

Phenylalanine

Tyrosine

Question 16

Amino acid biosynthetic families for ribose 5-phosphate

Answer 16

Histidine

Question 17

90% of energy needs of carnivores can be met by:

Answer 17

Amino acids after a meal

Question 18

Metabolic circumstances of amino acid oxidation

Answer 18

Leftover amino acids from normal protein turnover

Dietary amino acids that exceed body’s protein synthesis needs

Question 19

Proteins in the body can be broken down to supply amino acids for ______ when carbohydrates are scarce. Give examples

Answer 19

Energy

Starvation, diabetes mellitus

Question 20

_____ digests protein into peptides in the stomach

Answer 20

Pepsin

Question 21

_____ and _______ degrade proteins and larger peptides into smaller peptides in the small intestine

Answer 21

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

Question 22

_______ and _______ degrade peptides into amino acids in the small intestine

Answer 22

Aminopeptidase

Carboxypeptidases A and B

Question 23

The hormone ____ cause parietal cells and chief cells to secrete their products

Answer 23

Gastrin

Question 24

The cytoplasm of exocrine cells is completely filled with ___ ___, which is the site of synthesis of the ______ of many digestive enzymes

Answer 24

Rough ER

Zymogens

Question 25

Zymogens are concentrated in what?

Answer 25

Membrane-enclosed transport particles called zymogens granules

Question 26

How are zymogens released into the lumen of the collecting duct?

Answer 26

The plasma membrane fuses with the zymogen granule membrane. They are released by exocytosis

Question 27

In the small intestine, amino acids are absorbed through the _______ layer of the vile and enter the _____

Answer 27

Epithelial cell layer (intestinal mucosa) Capillaries

Question 28

Products of lipid hydrolysis in the small intestine enter they _____ system after their absorption by the _____ _____

Answer 28

Lymphatic Intestinal mucosa

Question 29

Trypsin is activated by ________

Answer 29

Enteropeptidase

Question 30

What activates the other enzymes in the small intestine?

Answer 30

Trypsin

Question 31

Trypsin cleaves at:

Answer 31

Arginine and lysine

Question 32

Chymotripsin cleaves at

Answer 32

``` Trp Tyr Phe Met Leu ```

Question 33

Elastase cleaves at:

Answer 33

Alanine Glycine And serine

Question 34

Carboxypeptidase A cleaves at

Answer 34

Alanine Ile Leucine and Val

Question 35

Carboxypeptidase B cleaves at:

Answer 35

Arg and Lys

Question 36

Abnormalities in protein digestion

Answer 36

Pancreatic dysfunction Celiac disease

Question 37

Types of pancreatic dysfunction

Answer 37

Cystic fibrosis Pancreatitis

Question 38

Transamination is the transfer of the _____ group from amino acid to _______. This results in the formation of:

Answer 38

NH3 alpha-ketogluterate Glutamate and alpha-keto acid

Question 39

Transamination is catalyzed by:

Answer 39

Aminotransferases

Question 40

Cofactor for transamination

Answer 40

Pyrioxal phosphate

Question 41

What serve as amino acid/keto pairs in transamination reactions?

Answer 41

Glutamate and alpha-ketogluterate What is the carrier of and a temporary reservoir of NH3?

Question 42

_____ ______ uses PLP and alpha-ketogluterate / glutamate pair and generates alanine and pyruvate

Answer 42

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

Question 43

________ ______ uses PLP and alpha-ketogluterate / glutamate pair to form aspartate and oxaloacetate

Answer 43

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

Question 44

Aminotransferases are biomarkers of:

Answer 44

Hepatic disease and trauma (liver function tests) | And skeletal and cardiac muscle trauma