Unit 6: Developmental Psychology. part 1 Flashcards
Stability
What aspects of development remain consistent over time?
Change
How do individuals grow and adapt?
EX: Personality traits, social relationships, cognitive abilities
Continuous
Gradual and cumulative growth (EX: learning)
渐进和累积增长是指持续发展，其中变化随着时间的推移缓慢而稳定地发生，而不是在不同的阶段发生。
Discontinuous
Distinct stages with qualitative differences (EX: Piaget’s stages of cognitive development)
以描述将发展视为在不同阶段发生而不是平稳、渐进的过程的理论。
表明变化是分阶段发生的，而不是随着时间的推移而连续发生的。
Cohort
historical period in which the individual was born
Cross-sectional
Compares different age groups at a single point in time.
Longitudinal
Observes the same individuals over a long period.
Twin Studies
Compare identical (monozygotic) and same-sex fraternal (dizygotic) twins
Teratogen
Harmful chemicals or organisms that reach fetus
Alcohol, drugs, toxins
Visual Cliff
Depth Perception in Infants
Infants are capable of depth perception
↳ likely innate & evolutionary (biological)
↳ parental cues also play a role (environmental)
Rooting reflex
Turns head when touched on cheek
Maturation
Physical development during childhood follows a predictable order
Gross Motor (large movements) →
Fine Motor (Small, precise movements)
Critical/Sensitive Periods
windows of time when children are especially receptive to certain experiences for development
↳ failure to receive appropriate stimuli during these periods can lead to developmental challenges
Language: learning sounds, grammar, vocabulary (Genie)
Visual: visual stimulation in early life
Imprinting
animals attach to first thing they see moving
Humans don’t, but we attach to caregivers
↳ influences trust and emotional development
Menarche
(first menstrual period)
Spermarche
(first ejaculation)
Menopause
Decline in fertility, periods stop
Biopsychosocial Approach
the use of biological, psychological, and social principles to address human wellness and health.
Sex
Biological and physiological characteristics (chromosomes, hormones, reproductive organs)
Gender
Socially and culturally constructed roles, behaviors, and identities
Gender Role Development
Expectations about behaviors, attitudes, and traits associated with “masculinity” or “femininity”
Gender Role Stereotypes
parents/caregivers encourage gendered behavior (“boys don’t cry” “girls play with dolls”)
Sexual Orientation
A person’s identity based on gender(s) to which they are sexually attracted
