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psychology > Unit 5: Sleep, Problem Solving, Intelligence > Flashcards

Unit 5: Sleep, Problem Solving, Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

An awareness of both internal and external stimuli

Varying levels of awareness of thoughts, feelings, behavior, and events

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2
Q

Introspection

A

By Wilhelm Wundt looks inward and exams ones own thoughts

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3
Q

Wakefulness

A

high levels of awareness, behavior, and thought

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4
Q

Sleep

A

lower levels of physical activity and sensory awareness

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5
Q

Hypnosis

A

Self focus; little attention is given to external stimuli

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6
Q

Meditation

A

focusing on a single target (breathing) to increase awareness

achieve a sense of peace and tranquility

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7
Q

N1 Non-REM

A

decreased muscle tone and body temperature

Stage 1 (Light Sleep)

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8
Q

Hypnagogic hallucinations (dreams)

A

Visual, auditory, or physical sensations

Intense and realistic

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9
Q

N2 Non-REM

A

(Stage 2)
deeper relaxation

Sleep spindles: bursts of neural activity → memory consolidation

K-Complexes: suppress stress responses to external stimuli

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10
Q

N3 Non-REM

A

(Stage 3 & 4) DEEP SLEEP

Restorative → growth hormones (bone and muscle)

Hard to wake up; groggy

↳ Sleep walk/Night Terrors…

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11
Q

REM (R-sleep)

A

快速眼动

Paradoxical Sleep: brain is awake; non-essential muscles are paralyzed

大多数梦发生的睡眠阶段

Vivid dreams

Memory consolidation

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12
Q

REM Rebound

A

REM sleep deprivation → (tendency for) REM sleep to increase next time

一种补偿反应，即个体会暂时经历 REM sleep增加

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13
Q

Memory Consolidation

A

Sleep helps organize and strengthen memories

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14
Q

Restoration Theory

A

Sleep restores resources depleted during wakefulness

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15
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A

REM activates random neurons → Cortex tries to make sense

Dreams are random brain activity synthesized into coherent stories

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16
Q

Consolidation Theory

A

Organize and store memories during REM

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17
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty in falling/staying asleep

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18
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sudden sleep attacks

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19
Q

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

A

Acting out dreams (w/out REM paralysis)

睡眠时运动，包括踢腿、拳击、挥动手臂或从床上跳起。睡眠时说话、大笑、哭泣、咒骂或情绪爆发

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20
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Breathing interruptions

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21
Q

Somnambulism (Sleepwalking)

A

Physical activity during deep sleep

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22
Q

Concepts

A

Mental representations of objects & categories

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23
Q

Prototype

A

Your best example of a concept Helps sort information easier but it is harmful because this causes stereotypes

Proto (first) type.

A mental image of a concept (“best example”)

Has all of the most typical features of an item/concept

Golden Retriever - dog

Bald Eagle - bird

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24
Q

Schema

A

“文件柜” Frameworks that help us organize and interpret new information

Leads to assimilation and accommodation

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25
Assimilation
integrating new information into existing schemas without changing them.
26
Accommodation
modifying schemas to include new information
27
Algorithm
Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution by exploring all possibilities
28
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts that help make judgments quickly and efficiently. EX: Text asking me for my credit card/password = SCAM
29
Representative Heuristic
Judging based on how well something fits a prototype
30
Availability Heuristic
Making decisions based on the information most readily available
31
Executive Functions
Higher-level cognitive processes include planning, organizing, and critical thinking ↳ Essential for carrying out goal-directed behaviors
32
Confirmation Bias
tendency to search for information that supports our preexisting beliefs while ignoring information that contradicts those beliefs
33
Hindsight Bias
tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that you "knew it all along" (outcome was predictable, even if it wasn’t)
34
Gambler’s Fallacy
The mistaken belief that past random events affect the likelihood of future outcomes
35
Sunk-Cost Fallacy
Continuing an endeavor because of the resources already invested, despite the outcome being unfavorable
36
Priming
无意识地激活记忆中的某些联想，它可以在无意识的情况下影响思想、感知和行为。 例如：约会应用程序的red flag，可能会导致过度分析并导致错误的结果。 如果一个人间接接触到与智力相关的词语（例如“天才”或“聪明”），他们可能会因为积极的启动效应在智力测试中表现得更好。 另一方面，如果接触到负面的刻板印象，他们可能会因为刻板印象威胁（一种启动形式）而表现不佳。
37
Framing
问题的表述方式会影响我们对该情况的判断方式 例如：2 瓶药，药品 A：存活率为 90% 药品 B：死亡率为 10% 人们更有可能选择药品 A，因为它听起来更积极、更令人愉悦
38
Mental set
tendency to approach a problem in a way that has worked in the past
39
Divergent Thinking
Exploring multiple possible solutions (Alternative Uses Test, brainstorming)
40
Convergent Thinking
Focusing on finding the single best solution (RAT Test)
41
Functional Fixedness
Tendency to see objects as only functioning in their usual way → can hinder creative thinking
42
general ability
Intelligence as a general ability (Charles Spearman's "g") Single Ability; Born with 1 intelligence (Math verbal spatial speed)
43
Triarchic intelligence
1) analytic (Problem-solving, metacomponents guide strategies, knowledge acquisition aids learning) 2) creative (Insights, synthesis, adapting to novelty, and efficient automatization) 3) practical (contextual, “street smarts”)
44
Multiple Intelligence (Historical Perspectives on Intelligence)
1) visual-spatial 2) verbal linguistic 3) bodily-kinesthetic 4) logical-mathematical 5) musical 6) interpersonal 7) intrapersonal 8) naturalistic
45
crystallized intelligence
knowledge and skills gained from experience (older people)
46
fluid intelligence
problem-solving and reasoning in novel situations (younger people)
47
Standardization
Consistent procedures for fair results.
48
Validity
validity refers to how well a test or research study measures what it is supposed to measure. Types include construct (measuring the intended construct) and predictive (predicting future performance).
49
Reliability
Consistent results over time (test-retest, split-half). 点在不在一起
50
Construct Validity
Test measures what it is designed to
51
Predictive Validity
Ability to predict future outcomes
52
Test-Retest Reliability
Stability of scores over time If a student takes an IQ test one month and scores 110, a highly reliable test should yield a similar score (e.g., within 5-10 points) if taken again under similar conditions after a short period.
53
Split-Half Reliability
Consistency within the test itself For a 50-question intelligence test, if scores on odd-numbered questions (half 1) align closely with scores on even-numbered questions (half 2), the test has high split-half reliability.
54
Stereotype-threat
at risk of confirming, as a self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's social group EX：Girls are bad at math!
55
Stereotype-Lift
performance boost from positive stereotypes EX：Girls are better at art! Asian students are better at math!*
56
The Flynn Effect
The observed rise in average IQ scores over time across many parts of the world.
57
Aptitude
Predict what you can learn (SAT test)
58
Achievement
Assess what you learned (AP Test)
59
Fixed Mindset
Belief that intelligence is static and unchangeable ↳ Less effort and resilience in facing challenges
60
Growth Mindset
Belief that intelligence can be developed through experience and learning ↳ Greater motivation, persistence, and higher achievement.
61
Delta Waves
Asleep
62
Alpha Waves
Awake

psychology (16 decks)

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