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psychology > Unit 3: Sensation - vision，hearing > Flashcards

Unit 3: Sensation - vision，hearing Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Sensation

A

is the process by which we receive information from the environment

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2
Q

Stimulus

A

Detectable inputs from the environment

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3
Q

Threshold

A

minimum stimulus intensity needed to produce a sensory response

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4
Q

Transduction

A

converting energy of a stimulus into neural activity

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5
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

minimum stimulation needed for detection ~50% of the time

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6
Q

Subliminal Stimuli

A

Not conscious of the stimuli

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7
Q

Subliminal

A

Not conscious

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8
Q

Difference threshold (Just Noticeable Difference JND )

A

minimal change in stimulation that can be reliably detected 50% of the time

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9
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Difference thresholds differ by a constant percentage rather than amount

Difference thresholds grow with the magnitude of the stimulus.

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10
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Predicts that we will detect a minimal stimulus (signal) among other background stimuli (noise)

Motivation, experience, expectations, physical state affect detection of weak stimuli

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11
Q

(Sensory) Adaptation

A

Constant Stimulus → Decreased Response

constant level of stimulus results in decreased response over time

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12
Q

Retina

A

cells capture visual information → transduced to brain for processing

photosensitive surface at back of the eye

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13
Q

Accomodation

A

Lens focuses visual stimuli on retina

retina

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14
Q

Two types of photoreceptors

A

RODS & CONES

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15
Q

cones

A

stimuli in the center of the visual field are detected mainly by color-sensitive cones concentrated in the fovea

Cones see Color，彩色

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16
Q

rods

A

stimuli at the edges of the visual field are detected mainly by non-color-sensitive rods in the periphery of the retina

黑白颜色

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17
Q

Gestalt closure

A

Brain’s visual system fills in the gaps

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18
Q

farsightedness

A

远视， 难以看清近处的物体

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19
Q

nearsightedness

A

difficulty in seeing objects far away
近视

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20
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

face blindness

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21
Q

Blindsight

A

unconscious ability to respond to visual stimuli without conscious awareness

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22
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

A

Retinas contain three types of cone cells, each responding best to a particular wavelength of light

蓝 waves short high / medium waves 绿/ 红 long low

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23
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

Red vs. Green
Yellow vs. Blue
Black vs. White

Thalamus: some neurons turned on/off by “opponent” color

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24
Q

Pitch

A

different wavelengths

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25
Loudness
different amplitudes
26
Place Theory
Differences in pitch result from stimulation of different areas of the basilar membrane.
27
Frequency Theory
Differences in pitch are due to rate of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve
28
Volley Theory
Neural impulses are too slow for highest pitches ↳ Group of neurons take turns (“volley”) to match highest frequencies
29
Sound Localization
how we identify where sounds in our environment are coming from
30
Conductive deafness
Causes: tumors, objects in ear canal, infections, otosclerosis (genetic, degeneration of the middle ear bones) sound waves are unable to be transferred from outer to inner ear
31
Sensorineural deafness
Causes: infections, genetic defects, exposure to loud noises, trauma, high blood pressure, diabetes, MS damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve leading to the brain
32
Non-tasters
unable to taste chemical PROPylthioracil (bitter)
33
Medium tasters
average # of taste buds, can taste PROP
34
Super tasters
high # of taste buds; highly sensitive to tastes (& PROP)
35
olfactory bulb
Olfaction (Smell) Olfactory epithelium: thin membrane in upper nasal cavity Only sense to not go through thalamus
36
Sensory Interdependency
sensory systems work together, not independently ↳ without smell → taste sensation muted/not experienced
37
Kinesthesis
Communicates information about movement & location of body parts
38
Vestibular Sense
Sense of balance and knowledge of body position
39
Gate control theory
spine Pain messages from the body travel along a set of spinal cord nerve fibers 大脑每次只能集中注意力于一个疼痛刺激
40
Phantom Limb
sensation that an amputated/missing limb is still present
41
Perception
is the process of selecting and identifying information from the environment.
42
Selective attention
ability to focus on one stimulus while excluding other stimuli that are present
43
Cocktail party effect
where people attend to mentions of their names/specific topics in loud/distracting environments
44
Inattention/Change Blindness
changes to the environment are not perceived due to inattention
45
ingroup-outgroup bias…
we focus more on those in our in-group and less on individuals not in our group
46
Bottom-up processes
Identify a stimulus by information from external stimulus
47
Top-down Processes
Uses internal or prior experiences to identify stimuli Use internal prior expectations to identify identifying a stimulus by using the knowledge we already possess about the situation
48
Sensory Adaptation
Decrease in perceptual response (inward or outward movement) to a given stimulus
49
Gestalt Psychology
Perceptual principles help explain how humans organize their perceptual world
50
Visual Perceptual Constancies
maintain the perception of an object even when the images of the object in the visual field change. Size, Color, Brightness, Shape
51
Phi Phenomenon
Apparent movement can be visually perceived even when objects are not actually moving.
52
Retinal Disparity
The slight difference in the images perceived by the left and right eye
53
Monocular Depth Cues
Visual cues that help us perceive depth and distance with only 1 eye
54
Figure ground
Tendency to organize the visual field into object that stands apart from surroundings
55
Convergence
a binocular cue for depth perception that helps us determine how close or far an object is.
56
Proximity
Grouping things based on how close they are to each other
57
Relative clarity
Helps us judge distance. Objects that are closer seem shaper and objects that are further seem blurry
58
Interposition
Something blocks the view of something in the back
59
Similarity
Grouping things based on how similar they are to one and another
60
Linear perspective
Converging of parallel lines in the distance

psychology (17 decks)

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