Unit 4: Memory Flashcards
Explicit Memory
Explicit - Easy to Explain
Think CONSCIOUS
more easily described or explained to others
knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered
*Sometimes called “declarative memory”
EX: 朋友和家人的生日。毕业典礼、婚礼和其他活动。下次看医生的日期和时间。地理位置，例如国家/地区的名称和位置。
Infantile Amnesia
inability of adults to recall memories from early childhood
hippocampus doesn’t develop until age 3
Episodic Memory
Long-term memory for specific life events
Used to recall past experiences
Like watching an EPISODE of a show
Semantic Memory
Long Term Memory System
storage of general knowledge of the world
vocabulary
facts
“2+2 = 4”
“Michigan is a U.S. state.”
Implicit Memory
Implicit - Impossible to Explain
*Sometimes called “Nondeclarative memory”
Unconsciously shapes perceptions and behavior
Operates without awareness or intention
EX: riding a bike, driving a stick-shift car, using the same verbal patterns as friends (e.g., saying “like” repeatedly)
Procedural
Ex: playing piano, typing, tennis, speaking English
Our unexplainable knowledge of how to do things
Activated once a task is well learned/automatic
Classical Conditioning…
Associations between two things/events
Prospective memory
Remembering future tasks
前瞻记忆
Needs long-term memory… to remember the task itself
Needs working memory… for task activation (→ conscious)
Vulnerable to interruptions (older adults!!!)
EX: emailing, paying bills, medication
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation
你排练得越多，这些神经连接就越强，并且会增加激发潜力（增强作用）。
Synaptic Gap
Meeting point between two neurons
Working Memory
Engages in a dynamic interaction between sensory memory and long term memory
Store and process limited amounts of information of an immediate sense
用于保存和处理信息的临时存储系统
Limited in capacity
Mental sketchpad
Sensory memory
The stage of memory that holds an exact copy of incoming information for just a few seconds
BRIEF [150-500 msec (visual); 1-2 sec for (auditory)] but LARGE capacity
iconic memory
for visual information
i - eye
echoic memory
for auditory information
Inattentional blindness…
当个体的注意力集中在另一项任务上时，他们无法注意到视野中明显但意外的物体或事件的现象，即使意外的刺激在他们的注意力空间焦点内。
Change blindness
a visual stimulus goes unnoticed by the observer
Long Term Memory
a system that encodes, stores, and retrieves info
Unlimited capacity and duration
Types of long-term memory
(explicit vs. implicit)
Retrieval cues → access stored information
Short Term Memory (STM)
Limited capacity
Duration: ~20-30 seconds without rehearsal
rehearsal → encoding information into long-term memory
Levels of Processing
Information processing varies based on task instructions
memory is encoded at different depths
Retention is best with deep, elaborative processing
Structural (Level of Processing)
-Encodes based on psychical appearance of information -Weak retention
Shallow Processing
EX: Recognizing if a word is written in capital letters or noticing the font style
Phonemic (Level of Processing)
Based on Sound Moderate retention
Semantic (Level of Processing)
\Meaning of info Understanding the definition, then relate it to itself Strong retention
Shallow Processing
浅层处理或维护演练
focuses on the physical features of an item rather than its meaning
color, length, font, or sound
Deep Processing
focuses on the meaning
forming associations between old and new information
effort on making elaborate connections with existing knowledge
