drug

Question 1

Addiction

Answer 1

Overtime drug use→ brain function/structure impaired → compulsive patterns of use

Question 2

Withdrawal

Answer 2

(Unpleasant) physiological symptoms when you stop to use drugs; opposite of drug

Question 3

Tolerance

Answer 3

Increasingly larger doses are required to achieve the same effect.

Question 4

Antagonists

Answer 4

drugs that block or impede the activity of a given neurotransmitter

Question 5

Agonists

Answer 5

drugs that mimic/facilitate activity of a given neurotransmitter 促进

Question 6

Heroin

Answer 6

depressant, involve dopamine

Question 7

Ecstasy

Answer 7

stimulant/hallucinogen, involve: serotonin

Question 8

marijuana

Answer 8

hallucinogen, invole: dopamine

Question 9

LSD

Answer 9

hallucinogen, invole: serotonin

Question 10

Meth

Answer 10

stimulant, Neurotransmitter involved: dopamine

Question 11

Cocaine

Answer 11

Stimulant, Neurotransmitter involved: dopamine

Question 12

Alcohol

Answer 12

depressant, Neurotransmitter involved:GABA Gluamte

Question 13

parasympathetic

Answer 13

calm down

Question 14

Sympathetic

Answer 14

心率加速,抑制消化功能

Question 15

Multiple Sclerosis (MS):

Answer 15

body’s immune system mistakenly attacks myelin sheath → disrupts the flow of electrical signals in nervous system

Question 16

Receptor

Answer 16

If binding ↳ Makes neuron fire = excitatory ↳ Prevents firing = inhibitory

On dendrite: neurotransmitters attach & transmit message

Question 17

Reuptake

Answer 17

Reabsorption of neurotransmitters back into the axon of the sending neuron

Question 18

Synaptic Gap

Answer 18

Junction (tiny gap) between neurons Where neurons communicate with each other

Question 19

Neurotransmitter

Answer 19

chemical messenger between neurons

Question 20

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Answer 20

Sodium-Potassium Pump: Channel that regulates the charge for resting state

Question 21

Threshold

Answer 21

the level of excitatory neurotransmitters that a neuron must absorb before it will fire

Question 22

Oxytocin

Answer 22

• Functions: Known as the “love hormone,” it promotes social bonding, trust, empathy, and emotional connection. It’s also involved in childbirth and breastfeeding, enhancing maternal bonding.

Question 23

Melatonin

Answer 23

• Functions: Regulates the sleep-wake cycle by signaling the body when it’s time to sleep. It is primarily produced in response to darkness and helps maintain circadian rhythms.

Question 24

Ghrelin

Answer 24

• Functions: Known as the “hunger hormone,” it stimulates appetite and increases food intake. Ghrelin levels rise before meals and decrease after eating.

Question 25

Leptin

Answer 25

- Functions: Regulates appetite and body weight by signaling to the brain that you’re full. High leptin levels reduce hunger, while low levels increase it.

Question 26

Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Hormones

Answer 26

- Functions: Released during the fight-or-flight response, it increases heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supply, preparing the body for action in stressful situations.

Question 27

Acetylcholine

Answer 27

- Functions: Involved in muscle contraction, learning, memory, and attention. It’s essential for communication between motor neurons and muscles.

Question 28

Substance P

Answer 28

- Functions: Involved in transmitting pain signals to the brain. It plays a role in inflammatory processes and in the perception of pain.

Question 29

Endorphins

Answer 29

- Functions: Act as natural painkillers and stress relievers. Endorphins also trigger positive feelings, often referred to as the "runner’s high."

Question 30

GABA

Answer 30

- Functions: The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. It helps regulate anxiety, relaxes muscles, and promotes calmness by preventing overstimulation.

Question 31

Glutamate

Answer 31

- Functions: The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. It is crucial for learning, memory, and brain plasticity. Excessive levels can cause neurotoxicity.

Question 32

Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline):

Answer 32

- Functions: Plays a role in alertness, arousal, and the fight-or-flight response. It also influences attention, concentration, and mood regulation.

Question 33

Serotonin

Answer 33

- Functions: Regulates mood, sleep, appetite, and digestion. It’s often associated with feelings of well-being and happiness. Low levels are linked to depression and anxiety. two O’s Affects mOOd

Question 34

Dopamine.

Answer 34

- Functions: Involved in reward, pleasure, motivation, and motor control. It plays a key role in reinforcement and addiction, as well as movement coordination (e.g., Parkinson’s disease is related to low dopamine levels). dopaMine affects Motivation

Question 35

homeostasis

Answer 35

balance

Question 36

Autonomic Nervous System UNCONSIOUS

Answer 36

Nerves for glands & muscles Autopilot/Automatic activities Heartbeat, digestion, hormones 2 sub groups sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Question 37

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 37

Mostly outside of brain and spinal cord Carries sensory and motor signals to/from CNS via nerves Somatic nervous system (SNS) Autonomic nervous system

Question 38

Central Nervous System

Answer 38

Includes the brain and the spinal cord interacts with all processes in the body

Question 39

Motor Neurons

Answer 39

Exits the Brain, 连接全身的肌肉、腺体和器官

Question 40

Sensory Neurons

Answer 40

Approaches the brain

Question 41

Refractory Period

Answer 41

The neuron must rest and recharge before it can fire again

Question 42

All-or-None Principle

Answer 42

The neuron always fires at the same intensity. 神经元总是以相同的强度发射。

Question 43

Action Potential

Answer 43

电 events that begin when a neuron reaches the threshold. 当神经元达到阈值时开始的电事件。

Question 44

Resting Potential

Answer 44

the neuron is waiting for depolarization 神经元正在等待去极化

Question 45

Dendrites

Answer 45

Receive info from other neurons 从其他神经元接收信息

Question 46

Axon

Answer 46

pass messages to other neurons or muscles 向其他神经元或肌肉传递信息

Question 47

Terminal branches

Answer 47

connection to other neurons/cells 与其他神经元/细胞的连接