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AP psych > Unit 6 vocab quiz > Flashcards

Unit 6 vocab quiz Flashcards

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

examines our physical, cognitive, and social development across the life span

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2
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

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3
Q

embryo

A

developing organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

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4
Q

fetus

A

developing organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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5
Q

teratogens

A

“monster makers”; agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

FAS

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out of proportion head and abnormal facial features

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7
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest decreases and they look away sooner

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8
Q

maturation

A

orderly sequency of biological growth.
Example: babies stand before they walk

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9
Q

cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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10
Q

schema

A

concepts or “mental molds” into which we pour our experiences.

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11
Q

assimilation

A

INTERPRETING new experiences in terms of our current understandings (schemas).

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12
Q

accomodation

A

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info)

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13
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

babies take in the world through their senses and action, through looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping.

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14
Q

object permanence

A

awareness that objects continue to exist even when not perceived.

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15
Q

pre operational stage

A

a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

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16
Q

conservation

A

principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape.

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17
Q

egocentrism

A

a child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

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18
Q

theory of mind

A

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states, about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

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19
Q

concrete operational stage

A

from age 7-11, children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

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20
Q

formal operational stage

A

from 7-11, kids gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about abstract concepts

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21
Q

scaffold

A

providing a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking.

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22
Q

ASD

A

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

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23
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

fear of strangers infants commonly display.

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24
Q

attachment

A

emotional tie with another person; shown in young kids by their seeking closeness with their caregiver and showing distress on separation.

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25
Q

critical period

A

optimal period when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development

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26
Q

imprinting

A

rocess by which certain animals from strong attachments during early life.

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27
Q

strange situation

A

procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child’s reactions are observed.

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28
Q

secure attachment

A

in their mother’s presence they play comfortably and eagerly explore their new environment; when she leaves, they become distressed; when she returns, they seek her out.

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29
Q

insecure attachment

A

infants display either a clinging anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness.

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30
Q

temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

31
Q

basic trust

A

a sense that the world is predictable and reliable.

32
Q

self concept

A

understanding/assessment of who they are

33
Q

gender

A

in psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman.

34
Q

aggression

A

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

35
Q

relational aggression

A

act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

36
Q

role

A

Culture shapes our behaviors by defining how we OUGHT to behave in a particular social situation

37
Q

gender role

A

set of EXPECTED behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males/females.

38
Q

gender identity

A

our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two.

39
Q

social learning theory

A

we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished for acting in certain ways.

40
Q

gender typing

A

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

41
Q

androgyny

A

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics.

42
Q

transgender

A

describes a person whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex.

43
Q

adolescence

A

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

44
Q

puberty

A

period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

45
Q

identity

A

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

46
Q

social identity

A

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships.

47
Q

emerging adulthood

A

In most Western communities, the time from 18 to the mid-twenties is a “not-yet-settled” life phase

48
Q

x chromosome

A

the sex chromosome found in both males and females.

49
Q

y chromosome

A

the sex chromosome typically found only in males

50
Q

testosterone

A

the most important male sex hormone.

51
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

52
Q

spermarche

A

the first ejaculation

53
Q

menarche

A

the first menstrual period

54
Q

intersex

A

possessing biological sexual characteristics of both males and females

55
Q

AIDS

A

a life threatening sexually transmitted disease that depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections.

56
Q

sexual orientation

A

enduring sexual attraction toward members of the same or opposite sex.

57
Q

menopause

A

time of natural cessation of menstruation, usually within a few years of age 50.

58
Q

cross sectional study

A

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

59
Q

longitudinal study

A

research that follows and retests the same people over time

60
Q

neurocognitive disorders

A

acquired disorders marked by deficits

61
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

neurocognitive disorder marked by neural “plaques”, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities.

62
Q

social clock

A

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

63
Q

Freud

A
64
Q

Piaget

A

developmental psychologist who pioneered the study of children’s cognition

65
Q

Vygotsky

A

emphasized how the child’s mind grows through interaction with the SOCIAL environment more so than the PHYSICAL environment. believed that effective mentoring occurs when kids are developmentally ready to learn a new skill.

66
Q

Harlow

A

bred monkeys for their learning studies in the 1950’s at the University of Wisconsin.

67
Q

Lorenz

A

explored imprinting: process by which certain animals from strong attachments during early life.

68
Q

Ainsworth

A

designed the strange situation experiment. concluded that about 60% of infants/young children display secure attachment.

69
Q

Erikson

A

He believed that securely attached children approach life with basic trust

70
Q

Baumrind

A

the identification of two central dimensions of parents’ behavior — structured expectations and responsiveness — and the discovery that these dimensions in combination revealed three main parenting styles.

71
Q

Gilligan

A

men and women follow different patterns of understanding, and perceive the world and their relationships with others in a different way.

72
Q

Bandura

A

creator of the social learning theory.

73
Q

Kohlberg

A

believed that moral reasoning , or the way that people make decisions about what is right and wrong, develops in a series of stages

AP psych (11 decks)

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