unit 9 vocab

Question 1

Philip Zimbardo

Answer 1

designed the Stanford prison experiment

Question 2

Leon Festinger

Answer 2

Developer of the cognitive dissonance theory that we often bring our attitudes into line with our actions

Question 3

• Solomon Asch

Answer 3

more than 1/3 of the time, “intelligent and well-meaning” college students were “willing to call white,
black” by going along with the group

Question 4

• Stanley Milgram

Answer 4

can ordinary people perform
evil acts because “they are simply following
orders” or “given a role”?- voltage test

Question 5

• John Darley

Answer 5

Created a experiment in which they staged a fake emergency as students in separate laboratory rooms took turns talking over an intercom while one student pretended to have an epileptic seizure calling for help to test the bystander effect.

Question 6

• Bibb Latané

Answer 6

Created a experiment in which they staged a fake emergency as students in separate laboratory rooms took turns talking over an intercom while one student pretended to have an epileptic seizure calling for help to test the bystander effect.

Question 7

• social psychology

Answer 7

the scientific study of how we think about,
influence, and relate to one another.

Question 8

• attribution theory

Answer 8

we explain someone’s behavior by crediting (attributing) either the situation or the person’s disposition (traits)

Question 9

• fundamental attribution error

Answer 9

tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Question 10

• attitude

Answer 10

feelings, often influenced by our
beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a
particular way to objects, people and events

Question 11

• peripheral route persuasion

Answer 11

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness and/or popularity

Question 12

• central route persuasion

Answer 12

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Question 13

• foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Answer 13

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Question 14

• role

Answer 14

set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Question 15

• norms

Answer 15

rules for accepted and expected behavior

Question 15

• cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 15

we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel
when 2 of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.

Question 16

• conformity

Answer 16

adjusting our behavior or thinking to
coincide with a group standard.

Question 17

• normative social influence

Answer 17

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Question 18

• informational social influence

Answer 18

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

Question 19

• social facilitation

Answer 19

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Question 20

• social loafing

Answer 20

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Question 20

• group polarization

Answer 20

enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Question 21

• deindividuation

Answer 21

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Question 22

• groupthink

Answer 22

mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a
realistic appraisal of alternatives

Question 23

• culture

Answer 23

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Question 24

• prejudice

Answer 24

An unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Question 25

• stereotype

Answer 25

A generalized believe about a group of people.

Question 26

• discrimination

Answer 26

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Question 27

• just-world phenomenon

Answer 27

The tendency for people to believe the world is just in that people there forget what they deserve it deserve what they get

Question 28

• ingroup

Answer 28

People with whom we share a common identity

Question 29

• outgroup

Answer 29

Those perceived as different or apart from our in group

Question 30

• ingroup bias

Answer 30

The tendency to favor our own group

Question 31

• scapegoat theory

Answer 31

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Question 32

• other-race effect

Answer 32

The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately then faces of other races. also called cross race effect and the own race bias

Question 33

• aggression

Answer 33

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

Question 34

• frustration-aggression principle

Answer 34

The principle that frustration the blocking of an attempt to achieve some God creates anger which can lead to aggression.

Question 35

• social script

Answer 35

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Question 36

• mere exposure effect

Answer 36

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Question 37

• passionate love

Answer 37

Aroused state of intense positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship.

Question 38

• companionate love

Answer 38

The deep affection attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Question 39

• equity

Answer 39

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Question 40

• altruism

Answer 40

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Question 41

• self-disclosure

Answer 41

The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

Question 42

• bystander effect

Answer 42

tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Question 43

• social exchange theory

Answer 43

our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Question 44

• reciprocity norm

Answer 44

expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Question 45

• social-responsibility norm

Answer 45

expectation that people will help those needing help

Question 46

• conflict

Answer 46

perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Question 47

• social trap

Answer 47

situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behaviors

Question 48

• mirror-image perceptions

Answer 48

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful
and views the other side as evil and
aggressive

Question 49

• self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 49

belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Question 50

• superordinate goals

Answer 50

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Question 51

• GRIT

Answer 51

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-
Reduction…a strategy designed to decrease international tensions