Unit seven vocab

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal

Question 2

Instinct

Answer 2

A theory of motivation suggesting human behavior is motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses.

Question 3

Physiological need

Answer 3

before a person can do anything else with life, he or she must take care of the bodily functions.

Question 4

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 4

We are motivated to reduce needs and return to a state of equilibrium.

Question 5

Homeostasis

Answer 5

tendency to maintain balanced internal state

Question 6

Incentive

Answer 6

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 7

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 7

theory that says a degree of psychological arousal can increase performance, however too much/little decreases

Question 8

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Answer 8

both associated with the Humanistic (also sometimes called the Client-Centered) approach to psychology

Question 9

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 9

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization, (level 6) Self Transcendence

Question 10

Sigmund Freud

Answer 10

the three parts of the mind- the id, ego, and superego.

Question 11

Personality

Answer 11

The set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristic of a person and consistent over time and in different situations.

Question 12

Psychodynamic theories

Answer 12

Personality theory that explains behaviors by looking at unconscious drives and feelings.

Question 13

Psychoanalysis

Answer 13

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

Question 14

Unconscious

Answer 14

In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious mind represents the thoughts, desires, and urges that are actively repressed from consciousness and that affect mental activity outside of active awareness.

Question 15

Free association

Answer 15

a common tenet of psychoanalysis that allows clients to speak for themselves

Question 16

Id

Answer 16

the storage of unconscious thoughts and these thoughts are all directed toward fulfilling sexual and aggressive drives

Question 17

Ego

Answer 17

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality

Question 18

Superego

Answer 18

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

Question 19

Psychosexual stages

Answer 19

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Question 20

Oedipus complex

Answer 20

a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a concomitant sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex

Question 21

Identification

Answer 21

when someone takes on the characteristics of someone else in order to give himself or herself more power

Question 22

Fixation

Answer 22

having attachments to people or things that persist from childhood to adulthood

Question 23

Repression

Answer 23

the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Question 24

Defense mechanisms

Answer 24

a way for the mind to cope with stress or difficult feelings. They are unconscious mechanisms, which means that a person uses them without realizing it. Defense mechanisms can be positive ways to deal with stress

Question 25

Alfred Adler

Answer 25

A Neo-Freudian, focused on parenting styles: also emphasized inferiority

Question 26

Karen Horney

Answer 26

personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends;

Question 27

Carl Jung

Answer 27

A neo-Freudian who took Freud's theory of personality and expanded on it. Jung believed that an individual's personal unconscious contains the painful or threatening memories and thoughts the person does not want to confront. He contrasted the personal unconscious with the collective unconscious .

Question 28

collective unconscious

Answer 28

a form of the unconscious (that part of the mind containing memories and impulses of which the individual is not aware) common to mankind as a whole and originating in the inherited structure of the brain.

Question 29

projective test

Answer 29

seek to reveal unconscious thoughts through the use of ambiguous images, but critics feel these tests reveal more about recent experiences or conscious thoughts than unconscious feelings

Question 30

TAT

Answer 30

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Question 31

Rorschach Inkblot test

Answer 31

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Question 32

terror-management theory

Answer 32

describes the conflict between the desire to continue living and the knowledge that death is inevitable

Question 33

humanistic theories

Answer 33

considers the basic human needs of an individual and how important they really are to the overall happiness of that person

Question 34

self-actualization

Answer 34

where every person wants to end up. Self-actualization is when the person has a high sense of what is right and wrong. Their morality is at an all-time high. The individual has the potential to solve problems spontaneously as well as having a high level of creativity

Question 35

self-transcendence

Answer 35

meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self

Question 36

unconditional positive regard

Answer 36

an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Question 37

trait

Answer 37

a characteristic pattern of behavior of a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

Question 38

personality inventory

Answer 38

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

Question 39

MMPI

Answer 39

a psychometric test that is often used to detect personality traits and psychopathological tendencies.

Question 40

empirically derived test

Answer 40

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

Question 41

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa

Answer 41

Big 5 Personality model (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism)

Question 42

The Eysencks

Answer 42

we can narrow down trait variations to 2 dimensions: extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability (the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Question 43

CANOE

Answer 43

Big 5 personality traits. CANOE (for conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion)

Question 44

social cognitive perspective

Answer 44

Theory that maintains personality both shapes and is shaped by environment

Question 45

behavioral approach

Answer 45

Approach emphasizing that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned, especially from rewards and punishments.

Question 45

reciprocal determinism

Answer 45

a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.

Question 46

Albert Bandura