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AP psych > Unit one Vocab > Flashcards

Unit one Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

critical thinking

A

Thinking that does not blindly except arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discern hidden biases, evaluate evidence, and assesses conclusions.

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2
Q

empiricism

A

The idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge

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3
Q

structuralism

A

An early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

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4
Q

introspection

A

The process of looking inward and attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological processes

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5
Q

functionalism

A

An early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin, explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how to enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

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6
Q

behaviorism

A

The view that psychology should be (1) an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to the mental processes. Most psychologists agree to today with (1) but not with (2)

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7
Q

humanistic psychology

A

Historically significant perspective that emphasizes human growth potential

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8
Q

cognitive psychology

A

The study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems

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9
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition

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10
Q

psychology

A

The science of behavior and mental processes

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11
Q

nature-nurture issue

A

The long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that jeans and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today science says traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of it it

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12
Q

Natural selection

A

The principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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13
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

The study of the evolution of behavior in the mind, using principles of natural selection

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14
Q

Behavior genetics

A

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

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15
Q

Culture

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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16
Q

Positive psychology

A

The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive

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17
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social- cultural viewpoints

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18
Q

Behavioral psychology

A

The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

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19
Q

Biological psychology

A

The scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes

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20
Q

Psychodynamic psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and use that information to treat people with psychological disorders

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21
Q

Social-cultural psychology

A

The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

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22
Q

Testing effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply re-reading, information

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23
Q

SQ3R

A

I study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, review

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24
Q

Psychometrics

A

The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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25
Q

Basic research

A

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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26
Q

Developmental psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change through the lifespan

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27
Q

Educational Psychology

A

The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

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28
Q

Personality psychology

A

The study of individuals characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting

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29
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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30
Q

applied research

A

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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31
Q

Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

A

The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in work places

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32
Q

Human factors psychology

A

A field of psychology allied with I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

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33
Q

Counseling psychology

A

A branch of psychology that assist people with problems and living and achieving greater well-being

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34
Q

Clinical psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies, assassins, and treat people with psychological disorders

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35
Q

Psychiatry

A

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practice by physicians who are licensed to provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

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36
Q

Community psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

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37
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Set up the first psychological laboratory in an apartment near the University at Leipzig, Germany. Change subject and introspection and establish the theory of structuralism. Considered the father of scientific psychology

38
Q

G Stanley Hall

A

Conducted an experiment to measure how long it took for people to press a telegraph key after hearing a ball hit a platform. He wanted to measure the fastest in simplest mental processes

39
Q

Edward Bradford Titchener

A

Wanted to classify and understand elements of the mind structure. He used introspection, training people to report elements of their experience as they looked at a rose, listened to a metronome, smelled a scent, or tasted a substance

40
Q

William James

A

Proposed considering that evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings: smelling is what the nose does and thinking is what the brain does. Established the theory of functionalism and brought psychology to the United States

41
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Created the theory of evolution, which assumed that thinking like smelling developed because it was adaptive.

42
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

Hey student of William James who became the president of the American psychological association. Although she completed her doctoral studies at Harvard, they refused to award her PhD because at the time they did not grant doctoral degrees to women.

43
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

First woman to earn a PhD in psychology. Known for her experimental work involving animal behavior and sensation/perception processes

44
Q

John B Watson

A

Declared that psychology must limit itself to observable phenomena, not an observable concepts like the unconscious mind, if it is to be considered a science. Wanted to establish behaviorism as a dominant paradigm of psychology

45
Q

B F Skinner

A

Expand of the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement and punishment Dash environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses. Helped establish and popularized the operant conditioning model of learning.

46
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Believed he discovered the unconscious mind - a part of the mind over which we do not have conscious control and which determines, in part, how we think and behave. Propose that we must examine the unconscious mind through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques if we are to truly understand human thought and behavior. Has been criticized for being unscientific and creating unverifiable theories

47
Q

Carl Rogers

A

An American psychologist who is one of the founders of humanistic psychology and was well known for his person – centered psychotherapy

48
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

On American psychologist who created a hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health predicted on for filling in a human needs in priority, culminating in self actualization.

49
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Performed pioneering conditioning experiments on dogs. Experiments led to the development of the classical conditioning model of learning.

50
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Swiss psychologist known for his work on child development.

51
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820s, she was responsible for approving conditions and jails, poor houses, and insane asylums through the US and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the superintendent of nurses for the union army during the Civil War

52
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

53
Q

Theory

A

An expression using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

54
Q

hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by theory

55
Q

Operational definition

A

Hey carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

56
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

57
Q

case study

A

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

58
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

I descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior and naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

59
Q

Survey

A

How descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

60
Q

Sampling bias

A

A floor sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

61
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

62
Q

Random sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

63
Q

Correlation

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors very together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

64
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A statistical index of the relationship between two things

65
Q

Variable

A

Anything that can very end is feasible and ethical to measure

66
Q

Scatterplot

A

A graft cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggest the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation.

67
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Proceeding a relationship were none exists, or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship

68
Q

regression toward the mean

A

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back towards the average

69
Q

Experiment

A

Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental processes. By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors

70
Q

Experimental group

A

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

71
Q

Control group

A

In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment, contrast with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

72
Q

Random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between different groups

73
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

An experimental procedure in which both research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo.

74
Q

Placebo effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone, any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

75
Q

Independent variable

A

In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated, the variable whose effect is being studied

76
Q

Confounding variable

A

A factor other than the fact or being studied that might influence of studies results

77
Q

Dependent variable

A

In an experiment, the outcome that is measured, the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

78
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

79
Q

informed consent

A

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

80
Q

Debriefing

A

The post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to his participants

81
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Miracle data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation

82
Q

Histogram

A

A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

83
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring scores in a distribution

84
Q

Mean

A

The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

85
Q

Median

A

The middle score in a distribution, half the scores are above it and half or below it

86
Q

Skewed distribution

A

A representation of scores that lacks symmetry around their average value

87
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

88
Q

Standard deviation

A

A computer and measure of how much scores very around the mean score

89
Q

Normal curve

A

A symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data, most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer around the extremes

90
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Numerical data that allow one to generalize – to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

91
Q

Statistical significance

A

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

AP psych (11 decks)

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