unit four vocab

Question 1

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 1

a Russian psychologist that developed classical conditioning theory of learning; conducted famous salivating dogs experiment to research classical conditioning

Question 2

John B Watson

Answer 2

an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism; conducted an experiment with a little boy named Little Albert which dealt with classical conditioning

Question 3

B.F. Skinner

Answer 3

developed the theory of operant conditioning

Question 4

Edward L. Thorndike

Answer 4

Best-known for the theory he called the law of effect, which emerged from his research on how cats learn to escape from puzzle boxes.

Question 5

John Garcia

Answer 5

an American psychologist mainly known for his research in taste aversion learning

Question 6

Robert Rescorla

Answer 6

an early behaviorist that believed that learned behaviors of various animals could be reduced to mindless mechanics

Question 7

Edward C. Tolman

Answer 7

a Cognitive Behaviorist who believed that animals had the ability to learn things that they could use later in a variety of ways.

Question 8

Albert Bandura

Answer 8

came up with the social learning theory, stressed the importance of observational learning, imitation and modeling.

Question 9

learning

Answer 9

Process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Question 10

habituation

Answer 10

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

Question 11

associative learning

Answer 11

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning)

Question 12

stimulus

Answer 12

Any event or situation that evokes a response

Question 13

respondent behavior

Answer 13

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Question 14

operant behavior

Answer 14

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Question 15

cognitive learning

Answer 15

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Question 16

classical conditioning

Answer 16

a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, to illustrate with Pavlov’s classic experiment, the first stimulus (a tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food),

Question 17

behaviorism

Answer 17

The view that psychology should be (1) an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to the mental processes. Most psychologists agree to today with (1) but not with (2)

Question 18

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 18

Classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Question 19

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 19

In conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response

Question 20

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 20

Classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response such as salivation to an unconditioned stimulus such as food in the mouth

Question 21

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 21

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus

Question 22

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 22

in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

Question 23

acquisition

Answer 23

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Question 24

higher-order conditioning

Answer 24

Procedure in which the condition stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second, often weaker, conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food my den learned that a light protects the tone and begins responding to the light alone

Question 25

extinction

Answer 25

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not fooled a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Question 26

spontaneous recovery

Answer 26

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 27

generalization

Answer 27

Tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. ( in operant conditioning, generalization occurs when responses learn in one situation occurred any other, similar situations)

Question 28

discrimination

Answer 28

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between an conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (in operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced)

Question 29

operant conditioning

Answer 29

Hey type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to occur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to react her if followed by a punisher

Question 30

law of effect

Answer 30

Thorndike's principle that behavior is followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 31

operant chamber

Answer 31

In operant conditioning research, a chamber also known as a Skinner box containing a bar or a key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record of the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Question 32

reinforcement

Answer 32

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 33

shaping

Answer 33

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 34

discriminative stimulus

Answer 34

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement

Question 35

positive reinforcement

Answer 35

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcer is. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens a response

Question 36

negative reinforcement

Answer 36

Increase behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

Question 37

primary reinforcer

Answer 37

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Question 38

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 38

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer, also known as a secondary reinforcer

Question 39

reinforcement schedule

Answer 39

Pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 40

continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 40

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 41

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

Answer 41

reinforcing a response only part of the time; result in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction then does continuous reinforcement

Question 42

fixed- ratio schedule

Answer 42

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 43

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 43

In operation conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 44

punishment

Answer 44

An event tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

Question 45

biofeedback

Answer 45

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.

Question 46

preparedness

Answer 46

A biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value

Question 47

instinctive drift

Answer 47

The tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed to patterns

Question 48

cognitive map

Answer 48

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned the cognitive map of it.

Question 49

latent learning

Answer 49

learning that occurs but it's not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 50

insight

Answer 50

A sudden realization of a problem's solution; contracts with strategy based solutions

Question 51

intrinsic motivation

Answer 51

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 52

extrinsic motivation

Answer 52

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid a threatened punishment

Question 53

problem-focused coping

Answer 53

Attempting to be stress directly – by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Question 54

emotion-focused coping

Answer 54

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

Question 55

personal control

Answer 55

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

Question 56

learned helplessness

Answer 56

Hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive offense

Question 57

external locus of control

Answer 57

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

Question 58

internal locus of control

Answer 58

The perception that we control our own fate

Question 59

self-control

Answer 59

The ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long-term rewards

Question 60

observational learning

Answer 60

learning by observing others. aka social learning

Question 61

modeling

Answer 61

the Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 62

mirror neurons

Answer 62

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so. The brains mirroring of another action may enable imitation and empathy

Question 63

prosocial behavior

Answer 63

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.