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AP psych > unit four vocab > Flashcards

unit four vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

a Russian psychologist that developed classical conditioning theory of learning; conducted famous salivating dogs experiment to research classical conditioning

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2
Q

John B Watson

A

an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism; conducted an experiment with a little boy named Little Albert which dealt with classical conditioning

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3
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

developed the theory of operant conditioning

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4
Q

Edward L. Thorndike

A

Best-known for the theory he called the law of effect, which emerged from his research on how cats learn to escape from puzzle boxes.

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5
Q

John Garcia

A

an American psychologist mainly known for his research in taste aversion learning

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6
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

an early behaviorist that believed that learned behaviors of various animals could be reduced to mindless mechanics

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7
Q

Edward C. Tolman

A

a Cognitive Behaviorist who believed that animals had the ability to learn things that they could use later in a variety of ways.

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8
Q

Albert Bandura

A

came up with the social learning theory, stressed the importance of observational learning, imitation and modeling.

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9
Q

learning

A

Process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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10
Q

habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

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11
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning)

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12
Q

stimulus

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

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13
Q

respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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14
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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15
Q

cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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16
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, to illustrate with Pavlov’s classic experiment, the first stimulus (a tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food),

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17
Q

behaviorism

A

The view that psychology should be (1) an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to the mental processes. Most psychologists agree to today with (1) but not with (2)

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18
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

Classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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19
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

In conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response

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20
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

Classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response such as salivation to an unconditioned stimulus such as food in the mouth

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21
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus

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22
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

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23
Q

acquisition

A

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

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24
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

Procedure in which the condition stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second, often weaker, conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food my den learned that a light protects the tone and begins responding to the light alone

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25
Q

extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not fooled a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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26
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

27
Q

generalization

A

Tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. ( in operant conditioning, generalization occurs when responses learn in one situation occurred any other, similar situations)

28
Q

discrimination

A

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between an conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (in operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced)

29
Q

operant conditioning

A

Hey type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to occur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to react her if followed by a punisher

30
Q

law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behavior is followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

31
Q

operant chamber

A

In operant conditioning research, a chamber also known as a Skinner box containing a bar or a key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record of the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking

32
Q

reinforcement

A

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

33
Q

shaping

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

34
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement

35
Q

positive reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcer is. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens a response

36
Q

negative reinforcement

A

Increase behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

37
Q

primary reinforcer

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

38
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer, also known as a secondary reinforcer

39
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

Pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

40
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

41
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time; result in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction then does continuous reinforcement

42
Q

fixed- ratio schedule

A

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

43
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

In operation conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

44
Q

punishment

A

An event tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

45
Q

biofeedback

A

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.

46
Q

preparedness

A

A biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value

47
Q

instinctive drift

A

The tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed to patterns

48
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned the cognitive map of it.

49
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but it’s not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

50
Q

insight

A

A sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contracts with strategy based solutions

51
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

52
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid a threatened punishment

53
Q

problem-focused coping

A

Attempting to be stress directly – by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

54
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

55
Q

personal control

A

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

56
Q

learned helplessness

A

Hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive offense

57
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

58
Q

internal locus of control

A

The perception that we control our own fate

59
Q

self-control

A

The ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long-term rewards

60
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others. aka social learning

61
Q

modeling

A

the Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

62
Q

mirror neurons

A

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so. The brains mirroring of another action may enable imitation and empathy

63
Q

prosocial behavior

A

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.

AP psych (11 decks)

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